LITHIUM-BASED SOLID-STATE ELECTROLYTE AND A METHOD FOR ITS PREPARATION

Abstract

ABSTRACT LITHIUM-BASED SOLID-STATE ELECTROLYTE AND A METHOD FOR ITS PREPARATION The present disclosure relates to a lithium-based solid-state electrolyte. The lithium-based solid-state electrolyte comprises a reaction product of a glucomannan polysaccharide, a cellulose-based polysaccharide and a lithium precursor. The lithium ions are embedded in a matrix of the glucomannan polysaccharide and the cellulose-based polysaccharide. The lithium-based solid-state electrolyte is biodegradable, cost-effective, flexible, improves battery performance, enhances battery safety by eliminating the risk of leakage and flammability and can be easily integrated into wearable and flexible electronics. The method for the preparation of the lithium-based solid-state electrolyte is simple, rapid, cost-effective, environment friendly and scalable.

Specification

Description:FIELD
The present disclosure relates to batteries. Particularly, the present disclosure relates to a lithium-based solid-state electrolyte and a method for its preparation.
DEFINITIONS
As used in the present disclosure, the following terms are generally intended to have the meaning as set forth below, except to the extent that the context in which they are used indicates otherwise.
The term "Li-ion batteries" refers to the conventional lithium-ion batteries which have an anode, a cathode, and electrolyte(s) and also include anode-free batteries, lithium-ion polymer batteries, and solid-state batteries.
The terms "cathode" and "anode" refer to the electrodes of a battery. During a charge cycle in a Li-ion battery, Li ions leave the cathode and move through an electrolyte and to the anode. During the charge cycle, electrons leave the cathode and move through an external circuit to the anode. During a discharge cycle in the Li-ion battery, Li ions migrate towards the cathode through an electrolyte and from the anode. During a discharge cycle, electrons leave the anode and move through an external circuit to the cathode.
The term "electrolyte" refers to a material that allows ions, e.g., Li+, to migrate therethrough, but which does not allow electrons to conduct therethrough.
The term "lithium-based solid-state electrolyte" refers to a solid material comprising lithium that conducts ions but insulates electrons.
These definitions are in addition to those expressed in the art.
BACKGROUND
The background information herein below relates to the present disclosure but is not necessarily prior art.
The market for safe, sustainable and economical energy is rapidly growing. In the recent past, there has been a rise in the demand for high-power density and high-energy Li-ion batteries (LIBs). LIBs are ideal for electronic devices, electric vehicles and many other applications because of their desirable features such as high energy density, low self-discharge, high ionic conductivity, high electrochemical stability window, high power density, compactness and the like.
An electrolyte is one of the important constituents of LIBs. The use of organic electrolytes is limited because of their flammability, volatile nature, and side reactions with the electrode surface. In addition, in LIBs, dendrites are formed during the charging-discharging process due to the incompatibility of conventional organic liquid electrolytes with lithium salts. Solid-state electrolytes (SSEs) are becoming very popular and employed in LIBs because of their high energy density, high flexibility, and safety. However, the solid-state electrolyte faces issues of sluggish interface at the solid electrolyte-electrode interface leading to very slow charge transfer during the process.
Furthermore, most conventional SSEs rely on synthetic polymers such as Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF), Polyethylene oxide (PEO), Polyaniline (PANI) and numerous others, which often face challenges like environmental concerns, high production costs, crystallinity, and limitations in flexibility, safety, transparency, and processing complexity.
Conventional synthetic polymers pose environmental concerns at the end of their life cycles due to their non-biodegradable nature. Crystallinity can evolve and worsen with usage, leading to fluctuations in ionic conductivity and potential battery inefficiencies. Non-flexibility leads to mechanical failure, affecting the durability of the battery and leading to safety issues. The material selection and relative proportions of the materials used to prepare the solid-state electrolyte are a challenge. Furthermore, cost-effectiveness is also an important challenge, particularly for large-scale applications where material expenses can be a limiting factor.
Therefore, there is felt a need for a lithium-based solid-state electrolyte and a method for its preparation that mitigates the drawbacks mentioned hereinabove or at least provides an alternative.
OBJECTS
Some of the objects of the present disclosure, which at least one embodiment herein satisfies, are as follows:
It is an object of the present disclosure to ameliorate one or more problems of the background or to at least provide a useful alternative.
An object of the present disclosure is to provide a lithium-based solid-state electrolyte.
Still another object of the present disclosure is to provide a lithium-based solid-state electrolyte that is environment friendly.
Yet another object of the present disclosure is to provide a lithium-based solid-state electrolyte that is cost-effective.
Still another object of the present disclosure is to provide a lithium-based solid-state electrolyte that is environment friendly.
Yet another object of the present disclosure is to provide a lithium-based solid-state electrolyte that is biodegradable.
Still another object of the present disclosure is to provide a lithium-based solid-state electrolyte that does not require additional cross-linkers and fillers.
Yet another object of the present disclosure is to provide a lithium-based solid-state electrolyte that has good flexibility.
Still another object of the present disclosure is to provide a lithium-based solid-state electrolyte that is mechanically robust.
Yet another object of the present disclosure is to provide a lithium-based solid-state electrolyte due to which there is an improved battery performance.
Still another object of the present disclosure is to provide a lithium-based solid-state electrolyte that can be retrofitted in the existing systems.
Yet another object of the present disclosure is to provide a lithium-based solid-state electrolyte that when used in a cell has a predictable and stable performance.
Still another object of the present disclosure is to provide a lithium-based solid-state electrolyte that requires lower maintenance.
Yet another object of the present disclosure is to provide a lithium-based solid-state electrolyte that enhances the overall durability and lifespan of the battery.
Another object of the present disclosure is to provide a method for the preparation of lithium-based solid-state electrolyte.
Yet another object of the present disclosure is to provide a simple and economical method for the preparation of lithium-based solid-state electrolyte.
Still another object of the present disclosure is to provide a scalable method for the preparation of lithium-based solid-state electrolyte.
Yet another object of the present disclosure is to provide a cell with the lithium-based solid-state electrolyte.
Still another object of the present disclosure is to provide a battery formed by coupling together a plurality of cells having a lithium-based solid-state electrolyte of the present disclosure.
Other objects and advantages of the present disclosure will be more apparent from the following description, which is not intended to limit the scope of the present disclosure.
SUMMARY
The present disclosure relates to a lithium-based solid-state electrolyte. The lithium-based solid-state electrolyte comprises a reaction product of a glucomannan polysaccharide, a cellulose-based polysaccharide and a lithium precursor; wherein the lithium ions are embedded in a matrix of the glucomannan polysaccharide and the cellulose-based polysaccharide.
In an embodiment, the glucomannan polysaccharide is in an amount in the range of 25 mass% to 80 mass% with respect to the total amount of the solid-state electrolyte.
In an embodiment, the cellulose-based polysaccharide is in an amount in the range of 5 mass% to 25 mass% with respect to the total amount of the solid-state electrolyte.
In an embodiment, the lithium precursor is in an amount in the range of 2 mass% to 50 mass% with respect to the total amount of the solid-state electrolyte.
In an embodiment, the glucomannan polysaccharide is at least one selected from konjac glucomannan (KGM), acetyl-glucomannan, O-acetyl-glucomannan, 1,4-β-D-glucomannan, glucan, oxidized konjac glucomannan sulphates, acidolysis-oxidized konjac glucomannan, lily glucomannan, and arabino glucomannan.
In an embodiment, the cellulose-based polysaccharide is at least one selected from hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), cellulose microcrystals, carboxymethyl cellulose, bacterial cellulose, cellulose acetate, 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl-oxidized cellulose, methylcellulose, and methyl 2-hydroxyethyl cellulose.
In an embodiment, the lithium precursor is at least one selected from lithium chloride (LiCl), lithium bromide (LiBr), lithium iodide (LiI), lithium phosphate (LiPF6), lithium perchlorate (LiClO4), lithium triflate (LiCF3SO3), lithium nitrate (LiNO3), lithium carbonate (Li2CO3), lithium oxide (LiOH), lithium acetate (LiCH3COO), and lithium tetrafluoroborate (LiBF4).
In an embodiment, the solid-state electrolyte is flexible and biodegradable.
The present disclosure also relates to a method for the preparation of a lithium-based solid-state electrolyte. In the method, a predetermined amount of lithium salt is dissolved in a predetermined fluid media and stirred for a first predetermined time period to form a solution. Thereafter, predetermined amounts of the glucomannan polysaccharide and the cellulose-based polysaccharide are gradually added to the solution under stirring to obtain a gel. The gel is then spread on a plain surface followed by drying for a second predetermined time period to obtain a dried film. The dried film is then degassed to obtain a lithium-based solid-state electrolyte.
In an embodiment, a ratio of the predetermined amount of the lithium precursor to the predetermined amount of fluid media is in the range of 1:0.5 to 1:6; and a ratio of the predetermined amount of the lithium precursor to the predetermined amount of the glucomannan polysaccharide and the cellulose-based polysaccharide together is in the range of 1:1.3 to 1:22.
In an embodiment, the glucomannan polysaccharide is at least one selected from konjac glucomannan (KGM), acetyl-glucomannan, O-acetyl-glucomannan, 1,4-β-D-glucomannan, glucan, oxidized konjac glucomannan sulphates, acidolysis-oxidized konjac glucomannan, lily glucomannan, and arabino glucomannan.
In an embodiment, the cellulose-based polysaccharide is at least one selected from hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC), cellulose microcrystals, carboxymethyl cellulose, bacterial cellulose, cellulose acetate, 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl-oxidized cellulose, methylcellulose, and methyl 2-hydroxyethyl cellulose.
In an embodiment, the lithium precursor is at least one selected from lithium chloride (LiCl), lithium bromide (LiBr), lithium iodide (LiI), lithium phosphate (LiPF6), lithium perchlorate (LiClO4), lithium triflate (LiCF3SO3), lithium nitrate (LiNO3), lithium carbonate (Li2CO3), lithium oxide (LiOH), lithium acetate (LiCH3COO), and lithium tetrafluoroborate (LiBF4).
In an embodiment, the first predetermined time period is in the range of 5 minutes to 15 minutes; and the second predetermined time period is in the range of 20 hours to 50 hours.
In an embodiment, the degassing is performed by the freeze-pump-thaw technique.
The present disclosure also relates to a cell, wherein the cell comprises an anode current collector having at least one operative surface, an anode disposed on the operative surface of the anode current collector, a lithium-based solid-state electrolyte of the present disclosure disposed on the operative surface of the anode, a cathode disposed on the solid-state electrolyte, and a cathode current collector disposed on the cathode.
In an embodiment, the anode is at least one selected from the group consisting of soap-nut seeds derived hard carbon, carbon nanoparticles from coconut oil, vanadium pentoxide doped graphene oxide (V2O5.H2O@GO), silicon-containing carbon nanofiber (Si/C), bismuth telluride (Bi2Te3), and zinc cobaltite (ZnCo2O4); the anode current collector is at least one selected from the group consisting of copper foil, graphene, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), carbon fibre paper, carbon-coated foils, nickel foam, stain-less steel foams, and titanium foils; the cathode is at least one selected from the group consisting of lithium cobalt oxide (LCO), lithium manganese oxide (LMO), lithium nickel manganese oxide (LNMO), lithium fluorophosphate (LFP), lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC 111, NMC 532, NMC 622, NMC 811 or other stoichiometries), lithium iron aluminum nickelate (NFA), and lithium cobalt aluminum nickelate (NCA); and the cathode current collector is at least one selected from the group consisting of aluminum foil, graphene, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), carbon fibre paper, carbon-coated foils, nickel foam, stain-less steel foams, and titanium foils.
The present disclosure also relates to a battery comprising the cells of the present disclosure.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE ACCOMPANYING DRAWINGS
The present disclosure will now be described with the help of the accompanying drawing, in which:
Figure 1 illustrates Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) at 25 oC of KGM/HPMC/LiCl-based SSEs prepared in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;
Figure 2 illustrates Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra at 25 oC of KGM/HPMC/LiCl-based SSEs prepared in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;
Figure 3 illustrates Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) at 25 oC of three different samples of KGM/HPMC/LiCl-based SSEs prepared in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;
Figure 4 illustrates a schematic of a cell comprising KGM/HPMC/LiCl-based SSEs prepared in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure; and
Figure 5 illustrates a step-by-step method for the preparation of solid-state electrolyte in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.

LIST OF REFERENCE NUMERALS
1000 - Cell
100 - anode current collector
200 - anode
300 - lithium-based solid-state electrolyte of the present disclosure
400 - cathode
500 - cathode current collector
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
The present disclosure relates to the field of batteries. Particularly, the present disclosure relates to a lithium-based solid-state electrolyte and a method for its preparation.
Embodiments, of the present disclosure, will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawing.
Embodiments, of the present disclosure, will now be described herein. Embodiments are provided so as to thoroughly and fully convey the scope of the present disclosure to the person skilled in the art. Numerous details are set forth, relating to specific components, and methods, to provide a complete understanding of embodiments of the present disclosure. It will be apparent to the person skilled in the art that the details provided in the embodiments should not be construed to limit the scope of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, well-known processes, well-known apparatus structures, and well-known techniques are not described in detail.
The terminology used, in the present disclosure, is only for the purpose of explaining a particular embodiment and such terminology shall not be considered to limit the scope of the present disclosure. As used in the present disclosure, the forms "a," "an," and "the" may be intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly suggests otherwise. The terms "comprises," "comprising," "including," and "having," are open ended transitional phrases and therefore specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, modules, units and/or components, but do not forbid the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof. The particular order of steps disclosed in the method and process of the present disclosure is not to be construed as necessarily requiring their performance as described or illustrated. It is also to be understood that additional or alternative steps may be employed.
As used herein, the term "and/or" includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed elements.
The terms first, second, third, etc., should not be construed to limit the scope of the present disclosure as the afore-mentioned terms may be only used to distinguish one element, component, region, layer or section from another component, region, layer or section. Terms such as first, second, third etc., when used herein do not imply a specific sequence or order unless clearly suggested by the present disclosure.
Li-ion batteries (LIBs) are ideal for various applications such as electronic devices and electric vehicles due to their high energy density, low self-discharge, high ionic conductivity, high electrochemical stability window, high power density, compactness and the like. In the recent past, there has been a rise in the demand for high-power density and high-energy Li-ion batteries (LIBs). Conventional lithium-ion batteries have an anode, a cathode, and electrolyte(s), wherein the electrolyte can be in a liquid state or solid state. The usage of organic electrolytes is limited due to their volatile nature, flammability and side reactions with the electrode surface. Therefore, solid-state electrolytes (SSEs) are emerging on a large scale and are used in LIBs. The conventional SSEs rely on synthetic polymers such as Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF), Polyethylene oxide (PEO), Polyaniline (PANI) and numerous other materials, which often face challenges like environmental concerns, high production costs, crystallinity, safety, transparency, limitations in flexibility and processing complexity. Therefore, the material selection and relative proportions of the materials used to prepare the solid-state electrolyte is a challenge.
Therefore, there is a need for a lithium-based solid-state electrolyte and a method for its preparation that overcomes the above-mentioned drawbacks.
The present disclosure provides a lithium-based solid-state electrolyte and a method for its preparation.
In an aspect, the present disclosure provides a lithium-based solid-state electrolyte. The lithium-based solid-state electrolyte comprises a reaction product of a glucomannan polysaccharide, a cellulose-based polysaccharide and a lithium precursor; wherein the lithium ions are embedded in a matrix of the glucomannan polysaccharide and the cellulose-based polysaccharide.
In accordance with the embodiments of the present disclosure, the glucomannan polysaccharide is in an amount in the range of 25 mass% to 80 mass% with respect to the total amount of the solid-state electrolyte. In an exemplary embodiment, the amount of the glucomannan polysaccharide is 77.88 mass% with respect to the total amount of the solid-state electrolyte. In another exemplary embodiment, the amount of the glucomannan polysaccharide is 46.81 mass% with respect to the total amount of the solid-state electrolyte.
In accordance with the embodiments of the present disclosure, the cellulose-based polysaccharide is in an amount in the range of 5 mass% to 25 mass% with respect to the total amount of the solid-state electrolyte. In an exemplary embodiment, the cellulose-based polysaccharide is 17.7 mass% with respect to the total amount of the solid-state electrolyte. In another exemplary embodiment, the cellulose-based polysaccharide is 10.64 mass% with respect to the total amount of the solid-state electrolyte.
In accordance with the embodiments of the present disclosure, the lithium precursor is in an amount in the range of 2 mass% to 50 mass% with respect to the total amount of the solid-state electrolyte. In an exemplary embodiment, the lithium precursor is 4.42 mass% with respect to the total amount of the solid-state electrolyte. In another exemplary embodiment, the lithium precursor is 42.55 mass% with respect to the total amount of the solid-state electrolyte.
In accordance with the embodiments of the present disclosure, the glucomannan polysaccharide is at least one selected from konjac glucomannan (KGM), acetyl-glucomannan, O-acetyl-glucomannan, 1,4-β-D-glucomannan, glucan, oxidized konjac glucomannan sulphates, acidolysis-oxidized konjac glucomannan, lily glucomannan, and arabino glucomannan. In an exemplary embodiment, the glucomannan polysaccharide is konjac glucomannan (KGM).
In accordance with the embodiments of the present disclosure, the cellulose-based polysaccharide is at least one selected from hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), cellulose microcrystals, carboxymethyl cellulose, bacterial cellulose, cellulose acetate, 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl-oxidized cellulose, methylcellulose, and methyl 2-hydroxyethyl cellulose. In an exemplary embodiment, the cellulose-based polysaccharide is Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC).
In accordance with the embodiments of the present disclosure, the lithium precursor is at least one selected from lithium chloride (LiCl), lithium bromide (LiBr), lithium iodide (LiI), lithium phosphate (LiPF6), lithium perchlorate (LiClO4), lithium triflate (LiCF3SO3), lithium nitrate (LiNO3), lithium carbonate (Li2CO3), lithium oxide (LiOH), lithium acetate (LiCH3COO), and lithium tetrafluoroborate (LiBF4). In an exemplary embodiment, the lithium precursor is lithium chloride (LiCl).
In accordance with the embodiments of the present disclosure, the solid-state electrolyte is flexible and biodegradable.
In another aspect, the present disclosure also relates to a method for the preparation of a lithium-based solid-state electrolyte. In the method, a predetermined amount of lithium salt is dissolved in a predetermined fluid media and stirred for a first predetermined time period to form a solution. Thereafter, predetermined amounts of the glucomannan polysaccharide and the cellulose-based polysaccharide are gradually added to the solution under stirring to obtain a gel. The gel is then spread on a plain surface followed by drying for a second predetermined time period to obtain a dried film. The dried film is then degassed to obtain a lithium-based solid-state electrolyte.
The method is described hereinbelow in detail.
In a first step, a predetermined amount of lithium salt is dissolved in a predetermined fluid media and stirred for a first predetermined time period to form a solution.
In accordance with the embodiments of the present disclosure, a ratio of the predetermined amount of the lithium precursor to the predetermined amount of fluid media is in the range of 1:0.5 to 1:6. In an exemplary embodiment, a ratio of the predetermined amount of the lithium precursor to the predetermined amount of fluid media is 1:1.6. In another exemplary embodiment, a ratio of the predetermined amount of the lithium precursor to the predetermined amount of fluid media is 1:5.7.
In accordance with the embodiments of the present disclosure, the fluid media is distilled water.
In accordance with the embodiments of the present disclosure, the first predetermined time period is in the range of 5 minutes to 15 minutes. In an exemplary embodiment, the first predetermined time period is 10 minutes.
In a second step, predetermined amounts of the glucomannan polysaccharide and the cellulose-based polysaccharide are gradually added to the solution under stirring to obtain a gel.
In accordance with the embodiments of the present disclosure, a ratio of the predetermined amount of the lithium precursor to the predetermined amount of the glucomannan polysaccharide and the cellulose-based polysaccharide together is in the range of 1:1.3 to 1:22. In an exemplary embodiment, a ratio of the predetermined amount of the lithium precursor to the predetermined amount of the glucomannan polysaccharide to the cellulose-based polysaccharide together is 1:1.35. In another exemplary embodiment, a ratio of the predetermined amount of the lithium precursor to the predetermined amount of the glucomannan polysaccharide to the cellulose-based polysaccharide together is 1:21.62.
In accordance with the embodiments of the present disclosure, the glucomannan polysaccharide is at least one selected from konjac glucomannan (KGM), acetyl-glucomannan, O-acetyl-glucomannan, 1,4-β-D-glucomannan, glucan, oxidized konjac glucomannan sulphates, acidolysis-oxidized konjac glucomannan, lily glucomannan, and arabino glucomannan. In an exemplary embodiment, the glucomannan polysaccharide is konjac glucomannan (KGM).
In accordance with the embodiments of the present disclosure, the cellulose-based polysaccharide is at least one selected from hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), cellulose microcrystals, carboxymethyl cellulose, bacterial cellulose, cellulose acetate, 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl-oxidized cellulose, methylcellulose, and methyl 2-hydroxyethyl cellulose. In an exemplary embodiment, the cellulose-based polysaccharide is Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC).
In accordance with the embodiments of the present disclosure, the lithium precursor is at least one selected from lithium chloride (LiCl), lithium bromide (LiBr), lithium iodide (LiI), lithium phosphate (LiPF6), lithium perchlorate (LiClO4), lithium triflate (LiCF3SO3), lithium nitrate (LiNO3), lithium carbonate (Li2CO3), lithium oxide (LiOH), lithium acetate (LiCH3COO), and lithium tetrafluoroborate (LiBF4). In an exemplary embodiment, the lithium precursor is lithium chloride (LiCl).
In a third step, gel is then spread on a plain surface followed by drying for a second predetermined time period to obtain a dried film.
In accordance with the embodiments of the present disclosure, the second predetermined time period is in the range of 20 hours to 50 hours. In an exemplary embodiment, the second predetermined time period is 24 hours. In another exemplary embodiment, the second predetermined time period is 48 hours.
In a fourth step, the dried film is then degassed to obtain a lithium-based solid-state electrolyte.
In accordance with the embodiments of the present disclosure, the degassing is performed by freeze-pump-thaw technique.
Thus, the present disclosure provides a quick and robust synthetic methodology to prepare a series of new mixed polysaccharides-based flexible solid-state electrolytes (SSEs) towards the fabrication of eco-friendly lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Further, the solid-state electrolytes (SSEs) film has been synthesized by mixing two inexpensive polysaccharides, which are readily available. Furthermore, the addition of a low-cost lithium precursor in situ into the mixed polysaccharide matrix makes it feasible for Li-ion conduction. The estimated cost of production of the biodegradable SSEs having a diameter of 9.8 cm of the present disclosure is approximately INR 15/-, which is comparatively much less.
In another aspect, the present disclosure relates to a cell (1000). The cell (1000) comprises an anode current collector (100) having at least one operative surface, an anode (200) disposed on the operative surface of the anode current collector (100), a solid-state electrolyte (300) of the present disclosure disposed on the operative surface of the anode (200), a cathode (400) disposed on the solid-state electrolyte, and a cathode current collector (500) disposed on the cathode.
In accordance with the embodiments of the present disclosure, the anode (200) is s at least one selected from the group consisting of soap-nut seeds derived hard carbon, carbon nanoparticles from coconut oil, vanadium pentoxide doped graphene oxide (V2O5.H2O@GO), silicon-containing carbon nanofiber (Si/C), bismuth telluride (Bi2Te3), and zinc cobaltite (ZnCo2O4).
In accordance with the embodiments of the present disclosure, the anode current collector (100) is at least one selected from the group consisting of copper foil, graphene, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), carbon fibre paper, carbon-coated foils, nickel foam, stain-less steel foams, and titanium foils.
In accordance with the embodiments of the present disclosure, the cathode (400) is at least one selected from the group consisting of lithium cobalt oxide (LCO), lithium manganese oxide (LMO), lithium nickel manganese oxide (LNMO), lithium fluorophosphate (LFP), lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC 111, NMC 532, NMC 622, NMC 811 or other stoichiometries), lithium iron aluminum nickelate (NFA), lithium cobalt aluminum nickelate (NCA).
In accordance with the embodiments of the present disclosure, the cathode current collector (500) is at least one selected from the group consisting of aluminum foil, graphene, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), carbon fibre paper, carbon-coated foils, nickel foam, stain-less steel foams, and titanium foils.
Figure 4 illustrates a schematic of a cell comprising KGM/HPMC/LiCl-based SSEs prepared in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. In the figure, the cell (1000) comprises an anode current collector (100), an anode (200), a solid-state electrolyte (300) in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure, a cathode (400) and a cathode current collector (500).
In another aspect, the present disclosure relates to a battery comprising cells of the present disclosure.
In the SSE of the present disclosure, the polysaccharide's unique structure enables quick gelation, enhanced ionic conductivity, mechanical flexibility, and amorphous properties, addressing the limitations of synthetic polymers, particularly their crystallinity. Furthermore, by maintaining an amorphous state, the polysaccharide-based SSE of the present disclosure ensures consistent performance, making it reliable. The SSEs of the present disclosure have significant improvements over conventionally available SSEs due to enhanced flexibility, cost-effectiveness, and transparency. The flexibility feature allows the material to adapt to different shapes and sizes, making it highly suitable for flexible devices. In addition, the ionic conductivity of flexible polysaccharide SSEs comprising with Li(I)-ion of the present disclosure is approximately 10−3 S cm−1 at ambient temperature, which is higher than many reported synthetic SSEs available for lithium-ion battery applications.
The conventionally available electrolytes, particularly those based on synthetic polymers, are non-biodegradable, contributing to environmental pollution at the end of their life cycle. In contrast, the polysaccharide-based SSE of the present disclosure is fully biodegradable, significantly reducing environmental impact. The use of naturally occurring polysaccharides ensures that the electrolyte decomposes safely, leaving no harmful residues. This aligns with the growing global demand for sustainable and environmentally friendly energy solutions.
Furthermore, the polysaccharide composite demonstrates natural self-gelation properties without the need for additional chemical cross-linkers, which are typically required in synthetic polymer systems. This self-gelation simplifies the manufacturing process, reducing both the time and costs associated with production. Moreover, it enhances the homogeneity and stability of the electrolyte, leading to improved performance and consistency. The ability to naturally form a gel also makes the process safer, as it avoids the use of potentially hazardous chemicals.
Conventionally, fillers are often added to polymer electrolytes to enhance ionic conductivity, mechanical strength, or other properties. However, in the method for the preparation of SSEs, no fillers have been added, as the polysaccharide matrix alone is sufficient to provide the desired performance characteristics. The natural properties of the polysaccharides can deliver a balanced mix of mechanical flexibility, ionic conductivity, and stability without the need for additional materials, simplifying production and reducing potential costs or material incompatibilities.
Furthermore, the production of synthetic polymer-based electrolytes involves complex processes and expensive raw materials, leading to higher costs. The novel polysaccharide-based electrolyte is significantly cheaper to produce, with a cost of approximately 15 INR for a 9.8 cm diameter film, which is less than the cost of a Litre of packaged mineral water. This cost-effectiveness is a crucial advantage, particularly for large-scale applications where material expenses can be a limiting factor.
The conventionally used synthetic polymers like PVDF offer the required mechanical properties; however, they often lack the flexibility required for emerging applications such as wearable electronics and flexible devices. The polysaccharide-based SSE of the present disclosure provides superior flexibility and mechanical robustness, making it ideal for applications where the electrolyte needs to bend or stretch without losing functionality. This flexibility also enhances the safety and durability of the battery by reducing the risk of mechanical failure.
The SSE of the present disclosure is transparent. Unlike many synthetic polymers, which are often opaque or translucent at best, this electrolyte is highly transparent. This transparency unlocks new possibilities for integration into devices where visibility or design is important, such as in wearable electronics, flexible displays, or transparent solar cells. Transparent electrolytes enable designers to develop more aesthetically pleasing and versatile electronic devices, enhancing user experience and expanding the range of potential applications.
The SSE of the present disclosure has the ability to remain amorphous throughout its lifecycle is another advantageous aspect that not only ensures stable and reliable electrolyte performance but also mitigates the risk of performance degradation over time. Unlike synthetic polymers, where crystallinity can evolve and worsen with usage, leading to fluctuations in ionic conductivity and potential battery inefficiencies, the consistent amorphous nature of the SSE of the present disclosure maintains predictable and uniform performance. This stability is crucial for applications demanding high reliability and longevity, such as advanced energy storage systems and flexible electronics. Additionally, the absence of crystallinity-related issues means fewer performance-related failures and reduced maintenance, enhancing the overall durability and lifespan of the battery. This makes it ideal for applications in wearable electronics, flexible solar cells, and medical implants, aligning with the growing demand for sustainable and high-performance technologies.
The primary application of the SSE of the present disclosure is in LIBs. It replaces traditional liquid electrolytes, offering enhanced safety by eliminating the risk of leakage and flammability, which is a significant concern in conventional LIB designs. The improved ionic conductivity and safety features of the polysaccharide-based electrolyte of the present disclosure could play a critical role in the development of next-generation solid-state batteries for electric vehicles. These batteries offer higher energy density, faster charging, and enhanced safety, making them more suitable for EVs. The transparent electrolytes of the present disclosure can be integrated into devices where visibility is important, such as in wearable electronics, and flexible displays. This unravels new possibilities for design and functionality in consumer electronics.
Furthermore, high-efficiency lightweight batteries for aerospace applications, such as drones and satellites, require high-energy, lightweight, and compact power sources. The biodegradable nature and high performance of the polysaccharide-based electrolyte of the present disclosure could result in more efficient batteries for use in space exploration or aviation, reducing waste and weight. The mechanical flexibility of the polysaccharide-based film of the present disclosure allows solar cells to be applied to curved or bendable surfaces, expanding the potential for solar panels to be used in portable applications (e.g. camping gear), and wearable solar cells integrated into clothing technologies.
Still further, the biodegradability and biocompatibility of the SSE of the present disclosure make it highly suitable for medical applications, particularly where temporary use and safe decomposition are required. It includes temporary medical implants, where the biodegradable electrolyte can safely dissolve after serving its purpose, such as in drug delivery systems, wound-healing patches, or bioelectronics, eliminating the need for surgical removal and minimizing environmental impact. Additionally, the electrolyte's flexibility, safety, and biocompatibility make it an ideal candidate for electronic skin (e-Skin) devices. These devices require stretchable and conformal electronics to monitor vital signs or deliver treatments, with the added benefit of biocompatibility ensuring safe, long-term interaction with human tissue.
The foregoing description of the embodiments has been provided for purposes of illustration and not intended to limit the scope of the present disclosure. Individual components of a particular embodiment are generally not limited to that particular embodiment but are interchangeable. Such variations are not to be regarded as a departure from the present disclosure, and all such modifications are considered to be within the scope of the present disclosure.
EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS:
EXAMPLES 1 to 7: Preparation of the lithium-based solid-state electrolytes in accordance with the present disclosure:
LiCl salt was dissolved into distilled/Milli-Q water (as per the quantities provided in Table 1. The solution was stirred constantly for 10 minutes until it became clear. Then, KGM and Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) were added gradually to the LiCl solution while continuously stirring until a gel-like substance formed. Once the gel-like mixture was ready, it was poured onto a petri plate. It was allowed to settle and evenly dispersed in the glass plate to obtain a film. Finally, the film was dried for about 24 hours to 48 hours in the air. After drying, the transparent film was carefully removed from the petri plate. The obtained film was degassed through the freeze-pump-thaw technique for additional instrumental characterizations, such as powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS).
Table 1: Quantities of the components used for the preparation of the lithium-based solid-state electrolytes for Examples 1 to 7:
Sr. no. Sample Lithium Chloride (wt%) Konjac
glucomannan
(wt%) HPMC
(wt%) Distilled water
(ml)
1 KGM/HPMC/Li-25 4.42 77.88 17.70 25
2 KGM/HPMC/Li-50 8.47 74.58 16.95 25
3 KGM/HPMC/Li-100 15.63 68.74 15.63 25
4 KGM/HPMC/Li-200 27.03 59.46 13.51 25
5 KGM/HPMC/Li-400 42.55 46.81 10.64 25
6 KGM/HPMC/Li-600 52.63 38.60 8.77 25
7 KGM/HPMC/Li-800 59.70 32.84 7.46 25
Different studies such as Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) and biodegradability tests were conducted for the above samples. The observations were as follows:
i) Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD): PXRD was carried out by a Panalytical X-ray Diffractometer having Cu-kα X-ray radiations (wavelength, λ = 1.5406 A˚). Measurements were conducted with 2θ angle from 10˚ to 50˚ at room temperature (Figure 1). It is known that PXRD of HPMC exhibits two characteristic peaks, namely around 2θ = 13˚ and θ = 25˚, indicating the semi-crystalline nature of the polymer, on the other hand, KGM has a broad diffused scattering at 2θ = 25˚ due to its amorphous nature. The diffraction peaks became flatter and broader indicating the good miscibility of KGM and HPMC in the KGM/HPMC mixed polysaccharides. The addition of LiCl led to the composite materials with a broad diffusely scattered amorphous phase. This observation suggests that the incorporation of LiCl maintained the amorphous structure of KGM/HPMC, resulting in homogenous grain-boundary free amorphous/glassy material. Figure 1 illustrates Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) at 25 oC of KGM/HPMC/LiCl-based SSEs of the present disclosure.
ii) Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR): FTIR measurements were carried out using the ALPHA-II's attenuated total reflectance (ATR) mode by Bruker Optik GmbH. In the spectrum of KGM, absorption peaks were observed around 3295 cm⁻¹ and 2883 cm⁻¹, corresponding to the stretching of -OH groups and the C-H bonds of methyl groups, respectively as disclosed in Figure 2. Figure 2 illustrates Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra at 25 oC of KGM/HPMC/LiCl-based SSEs of the present disclosure. Additionally, characteristic peaks of mannose were identified at 870 cm⁻¹ and 798 cm⁻¹. For the HPMC polymer peak around 3420 cm⁻¹ was attributed to O-H asymmetric stretching, while a peak around 2904 cm⁻¹ corresponded to C-H asymmetric stretching. The C-O bending vibration appeared around 1642 cm⁻¹. Peaks at 1455 cm⁻¹ and 1315 cm⁻¹ were associated with the asymmetric and symmetric bending vibrations of the methyl group in CH3O. Furthermore, a peak at 1049 cm⁻¹ was assigned to the C-O-C stretching. A shift in the -OH stretching to 3394 cm⁻¹ indicated the formation of hydrogen bonding between the -OH groups of HPMC 3420 cm⁻¹ and those of KGM 3295 cm⁻¹. The increase in peak intensity at 1640 cm⁻¹ wavenumber suggested that the Li+ ions were interacting with the C-O group of HPMC, forming a bond between them. This interaction is likely to be a coordination bond, where the Li+ ions coordinate with the oxygen atoms of the C-O, resulting in a more stable and homogeneous composite material.
iii) Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS): The Li(I)-ion conductivities of the conventionally available SSEs for the application of LIBs are provided in below Table 2 for a comparative study:
Table 2: Li(I)-ion conductivities of the conventionally available Solid State Electrolytes (SSEs):
Synthetic polymers in LIB
Sr. no. Polymers Lithium Salt Temperature
(oC) Conductivity
(𝜎𝑑𝑐)
1 PAN/PEO LiClO4 25 °C 6.8 × 10−4 S cm−1
2 PVDF/HFP LLZTO and
LiTFSI 60 °C 8.2 × 10−4 S cm−1
3 PMHS/PEO LiTFSI 80 °C 2.0 × 10−2 S cm−1
4 PPC/PVDF LiBOB RT 2.2 × 10−4 S cm−1
5 PEO/CMC-Li@PI LiTFSI 60 °C 3.2 × 10-5 S cm-1
6 PEO/Li4(BH4)3I LiBH4 70 °C 4.1 × 10−4 S cm−1
7 PVA/PAN/ LiTFSI/LATP/SN Li1.4Al0.4Ti1.6(PO4)3 25 °C 1.1 × 10−4 S cm−1
8 PEO/Garnet LiTFSI 55 °C σLi > 10−4 S cm−1
9 PEO/PVDF/LiClO4/SN LiClO4 80 °C 1.7 × 10−3 S cm−1
10 PCL LiTFSI 60 °C 8.9 × 10−5 S cm−1
Biopolymers in LIB
Sr. no. Polymers Lithium Salt Temperature
(oC) Conductivity
(𝜎𝑑𝑐)
1 Carboxymethyl Chitosan LiTFSI RT (room temperature) 7.8 × 10-5 S cm-1
2 Chitosan/Agar-agar LiClO4 RT 4.6 × 10-4 S cm-1
3 Lignin-g-PEG LiTFSI 35 °C 1.4 × 10-4 S cm-1
4 Carboxymethyl starch/starch acetate LiPF6 RT 9.2 × 10-3 S cm-1
5 K-Carrageenan LiNO3 - 1.9 × 10-3 S cm-1
6 LCP/lignin LiFePO4 30 °C 6.3 × 10-4 S cm-1
7 Bacterial cellulose LiPF6 RT 2.2 × 10-2 S cm-1
8 Ulvan Li2SO4.H2O 80 °C 1.7 × 10-5 S cm-1
9 PEO@AF SPE LiFePO4 80 °C 6.6 × 10-4 S cm-1
10 Alginate/PVA-LiNO3 LiNO3 RT 3.5 × 10-3 S cm-1
The ionic conductivities of the KGM/HPMC/Li-SSE films were measured using a stainless steel (SS) electrode setup in an SS/FILM/SS cell configuration. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was performed over a frequency range of 1 Hz to 10 MHz, with an applied voltage of 1 V. A Solartron 1260A impedance analyzer, connected to an electrochemical workstation, was used to conduct the measurements and assess the films' performance in Figure 3. Figure 3 illustrates Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) at 25 C of three different samples of KGM/HPMC/LiCl-based SSEs of the present disclosure.
EIS is a critical technique used to analyse the electrical properties of SSEs. Impedance spectra were recorded at room temperature over a wide frequency range, providing insight into the behaviour of the polymer electrolyte films. The Nyquist plots, generated for SSEs ranging from KGM/HPMC/Li-25 to KGM/HPMC/Li-800, were fitted with an equivalent circuit (line) to estimate the bulk resistance of the polymer electrolyte. The ionic conductivity of the KGM/HPMC/LiCl-SSE films was calculated using the formula given below:
Formula to calculate ionic conductivity, 𝜎𝑑𝑐 = 𝐿/(𝐴×𝑅)
Where, 𝜎𝑑𝑐= ionic conductivity, L = thickness, A = contact area, R = bulk resistance.
It was observed that the decrease in the R-value led to a significant enhancement in ionic conductivity after the introduction of lithium into the polymer electrolyte. As the weight percentage of LiCl was increased, the ionic conductivity showed a consistent upward trend, as presented in Table 3. This improvement was due to the increased concentration of lithium ions, which enhanced the overall charge transport within the polymer matrix.
Table 3: Conductivity results of the lithium-based solid-state electrolyte layer of Examples 1-7:
Sr. no. Polymer Lithium Salt Temperature
(oC) Conductivity
(𝜎𝑑𝑐)
1 KGM/HPMC/Li-25 LiCl 25 3.1 × 10−9 S cm−1
2 KGM/HPMC/Li-50 LiCl 25 1.2 × 10−7 S cm−1
3 KGM/HPMC/Li-100 LiCl 25 1.7 × 10−5 S cm−1
4 KGM/HPMC/Li-200 LiCl 25 3.0 × 10−4 S cm−1
5 KGM/HPMC/Li-400 LiCl 25 1.7 × 10− 3 S cm−1
6 KGM/HPMC/Li-600 LiCl 25 1.2 × 10− 3 S cm−1
7 KGM/HPMC/Li-800 LiCl 25 2.1 × 10− 3 S cm−1
Moreover, the mobility of lithium ions within the polymeric matrix was further due to the glassy nature of the matrix, which was confirmed by PXRD studies. The glassy, amorphous phase provided a disordered structure, which offered less resistance to ion movement compared to crystalline regions due to the absence of grain boundaries in amorphous phases. This disordered structure allowed feasible pathways for ion transport, facilitating the smooth migration of lithium ions throughout the mixed polysaccharide matrices. The combination of higher lithium concentration and the flexible, glassy matrix led to improved ionic conduction, making the solid polymer electrolyte more effective.
iv) Biodegradability test: For the biodegradability assessment, 2.5 mg of the film was submerged into 15 mL of distilled water and subjected to continuous stirring at 200 rpm. As time proceeded, the film disintegrated into smaller fragments under the constant stirring. This enhanced film-water interaction facilitated the hydrolysis and breakdown of the polymeric structure. On average, the complete degradation of the film occurred within 8 hours. The results indicated the film's high potential for biodegradation through natural hydrolytic mechanisms, without the need for additional enzymatic or chemical degrading agents, making it suitable for environmentally benign applications.
TECHNICAL ADVANCEMENTS
The present disclosure described hereinabove has several technical advantages including, but not limited to, the realization of a lithium-based solid-state electrolyte, that:
• is biodegradable and biocompatible;
• is environment-friendly;
• is cost-effective;
• is flexible;
• prevents dendrite formation and improves battery performance;
• enhances battery safety by eliminating the risk of leakage and flammability;
• can be easily integrated into wearable and flexible electronics;
a method for the preparation of a lithium-based solid-state electrolyte that:
• is simple and rapid;
• is performed by using less expensive chemicals and easy method steps;
• does not need additional chemical cross-linkers as the reaction components of the lithium-based solid-state electrolyte demonstrate natural self-gelation properties without the need for additional chemical cross-linkers;
• do not require additional fillers as the reaction components of the lithium-based solid-state electrolyte do not require additional fillers for mechanical strength and flexibility;
• is cost-effective;
• is eco-friendly; and
• is scalable.
The embodiments herein and the various features and advantageous details thereof are explained with reference to the non-limiting embodiments in the following description. Descriptions of well-known components and processing techniques are omitted so as to not unnecessarily obscure the embodiments herein. The examples used herein are intended merely to facilitate an understanding of ways in which the embodiments herein may be practised and to further enable those of skill in the art to practice the embodiments herein. Accordingly, the examples should not be construed as limiting the scope of the embodiments herein.
The foregoing description of the specific embodiments so fully reveal the general nature of the embodiments herein that others can, by applying current knowledge, readily modify and/or adapt for various applications such specific embodiments without departing from the generic concept, and, therefore, such adaptations and modifications should and are intended to be comprehended within the meaning and range of equivalents of the disclosed embodiments. It is to be understood that the phraseology or terminology employed herein is for the purpose of description and not of limitation. Therefore, while the embodiments herein have been described in terms of preferred embodiments, those skilled in the art will recognize that the embodiments herein can be practised with modification within the spirit and scope of the embodiments as described herein.
The use of the expression "at least" or "at least one" suggests the use of one or more elements or ingredients or quantities, as the use may be in the embodiment of the invention to achieve one or more of the desired objects or results. While certain embodiments of the inventions have been described, these embodiments have been presented by way of example only, and are not intended to limit the scope of the inventions. Variations or modifications to the composition of this invention, within the scope of the invention, may occur to those skilled in the art upon reviewing the disclosure herein. Such variations or modifications are well within the spirit of this invention.
Any discussion of documents, acts, materials, devices, articles or the like that has been included in this specification is solely for the purpose of providing a context for the disclosure. It is not to be taken as an admission that any or all of these matters form a part of the prior art base or were common general knowledge in the field relevant to the disclosure as it existed anywhere before the priority date of this application.
The numerical values given for various physical parameters, dimensions, and quantities are only approximate values and it is envisaged that the values higher than the numerical value assigned to the physical parameters, dimensions and quantities fall within the scope of the invention unless there is a statement in the specification to the contrary.
While considerable emphasis has been placed herein on the specific features of the preferred embodiment, it will be appreciated that many additional features can be added and that many changes can be made in the preferred embodiment without departing from the principles of the disclosure. These and other changes in the preferred embodiment of the disclosure will be apparent to those skilled in the art from the disclosure herein, whereby it is to be distinctly understood that the foregoing descriptive matter is to be interpreted merely as illustrative of the disclosure and not as a limitation. , Claims:WE CLAIM:
1. A lithium-based solid-state electrolyte comprising a reaction product of:
a. a glucomannan polysaccharide;
b. a cellulose-based polysaccharide; and
c. a lithium precursor,
wherein said lithium ions are embedded in a matrix of said glucomannan polysaccharide and said cellulose-based polysaccharide.
2. The lithium-based solid-state electrolyte as claimed in claim 1, wherein said glucomannan polysaccharide is in an amount in the range of 25 mass% to 80 mass% with respect to the total amount of said solid-state electrolyte.
3. The lithium-based solid-state electrolyte as claimed in claim 1, wherein said cellulose-based polysaccharide is in an amount in the range of 5 mass% to 25 mass% with respect to the total amount of said solid-state electrolyte.
4. The lithium-based solid-state electrolyte as claimed in claim 1, wherein said lithium precursor is in an amount in the range of 2 mass% to 50 mass% with respect to the total amount of said solid-state electrolyte.
5. The lithium-based solid-state electrolyte as claimed in claim 1, wherein said glucomannan polysaccharide is at least one selected from konjac glucomannan (KGM), acetyl-glucomannan, O-acetyl-glucomannan, 1,4-β-D-glucomannan, glucan, oxidized konjac glucomannan sulphates, acidolysis-oxidized konjac glucomannan, lily glucomannan, and arabino glucomannan.
6. The lithium-based solid-state electrolyte as claimed in claim 1, wherein said cellulose-based polysaccharide is at least one selected from Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), cellulose microcrystals, carboxymethyl cellulose, bacterial cellulose, cellulose acetate, 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl-oxidized cellulose, methylcellulose, and methyl 2-hydroxyethyl cellulose.
7. The lithium-based solid-state electrolyte as claimed in claim 1, wherein said lithium precursor is at least one selected from lithium chloride (LiCl), lithium bromide (LiBr), lithium iodide (LiI), lithium phosphate (LiPF6), lithium perchlorate (LiClO4), lithium triflate (LiCF3SO3), lithium nitrate (LiNO3), lithium carbonate (Li2CO3), lithium oxide (LiOH), lithium acetate (LiCH3COO), and lithium tetrafluoroborate (LiBF4).
8. The lithium-based solid-state electrolyte as claimed in claim 1, wherein said solid-state electrolyte is flexible and biodegradable.
9. A method for the preparation of a lithium-based solid-state electrolyte, said method comprising the following steps:
a. dissolving a predetermined amount of lithium salt in a predetermined amount of fluid media and stirring for a first predetermined time period to form a solution;
b. gradually adding predetermined amounts of a glucomannan polysaccharide and a cellulose-based polysaccharide to said solution under stirring to obtain a gel;
c. spreading said gel on a plain surface followed by drying for a second predetermined time period to obtain a dried film;
d. degassing said dried film to obtain said lithium-based solid-state electrolyte.
10. The method as claimed in claim 9, wherein a ratio of said predetermined amount of said lithium precursor to said predetermined amount of fluid media is in the range of 1:0.5 to 1:6; and a ratio of said predetermined amount of said lithium precursor to said predetermined amount of said glucomannan polysaccharide and said cellulose-based polysaccharide together is in the range of 1:1.3 to 1:22.
11. The method as claimed in claim 9, wherein said glucomannan polysaccharide is at least one selected from konjac glucomannan (KGM), acetyl-glucomannan, O-acetyl-glucomannan, 1,4-β-D-glucomannan, glucan, oxidized konjac glucomannan sulphates, acidolysis-oxidized konjac glucomannan, lily glucomannan, and arabino glucomannan; said cellulose-based polysaccharide is at least one selected from hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), cellulose microcrystals, carboxymethyl cellulose, bacterial cellulose, cellulose acetate, 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl-oxidized cellulose, methylcellulose, and methyl 2-hydroxyethyl cellulose; and said lithium precursor is at least one selected from lithium chloride (LiCl), lithium bromide (LiBr), lithium iodide (LiI), lithium phosphate (LiPF6), lithium perchlorate (LiClO4), lithium triflate (LiCF3SO3), lithium nitrate (LiNO3), lithium carbonate (Li2CO3), lithium oxide (LiOH), lithium acetate (LiCH3COO), and lithium tetrafluoroborate (LiBF4); and said fluid media is distilled water.
12. The method as claimed in claim 9, wherein said first predetermined time period is in the range of 5 minutes to 15 minutes; and said second predetermined time period is in the range of 20 hours to 50 hours; and wherein said degassing is performed by freeze-pump-thaw technique.
13. A cell, wherein said cell comprises:
a. an anode current collector having at least one operative surface;
b. an anode disposed on said operative surface of said anode current collector;
c. a lithium-based solid-state electrolyte as claimed in any one of the claims 1-12 disposed on said operative surface of said anode;
d. a cathode disposed on said solid-state electrolyte; and
e. a cathode current collector disposed on said cathode.
14. The cell as claimed in claim 13, wherein said anode is at least one selected from soap-nut seeds derived hard carbon, carbon nanoparticles from coconut oil, vanadium pentoxide doped graphene oxide (V2O5.H2O@GO), silicon-containing carbon nanofiber (Si/C), bismuth telluride (Bi2Te3), and zinc cobaltite (ZnCo2O4) and said anode current collector is at least one selected from copper foil, graphene, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), carbon fiber paper, carbon-coated foils, nickel foam, stain-less steel foams, and titanium foils; and wherein said cathode is at least one selected from the group consisting of lithium cobalt oxide (LCO), lithium manganese oxide (LMO), lithium nickel manganese oxide (LNMO), lithium fluorophosphate (LFP), lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC 111, NMC 532, NMC 622, NMC 811 or other stoichiometries), lithium iron aluminum nickelate (NFA), lithium cobalt aluminum nickelate (NCA), and said cathode current collector is at least one selected from aluminum foil, graphene, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), carbon fiber paper, carbon-coated foils, nickel foam, stain-less steel foams, and titanium foils.
15. A battery formed by coupling together a plurality of cells as claimed in claim 13.
Dated this 30th day of October, 2024

_______________________________
MOHAN RAJKUMAR DEWAN, IN/PA - 25
OF R. K. DEWAN & CO.
AUTHORIZED AGENT TO THE APPLICANT

TO,
THE CONTROLLER OF PATENTS
THE PATENT OFFICE, CHENNAI

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