DEVELOPMENT OF PURE AND DOPED ZNTIO3, PBTIO3, AND MGTIO3, PEROVSKITE NANOPARTICLES FOR EFFICIENT PHO

Abstract

This study_presents a novel synthesis method for ZnTiO get using titanium butoxide and zinc acetate as precursors, facilitating the production of high-purity nanoparticles_ The process involves creating a homogeneous solution of titanium butoxide in ethanol, which is subsequently combined with a zinc acetate solution in ethylene glycol. After forming the gel, it is dried and annealed at varying temperatures (600°C, 700°C, and 800°C) to achieve optimal crystallization. Silver (Ag) and ferric (Fe) dopants are incorporated to enhance the photocatalytic properties of the ZnTiO , making the materials suitable for environmental applications, such as water purification and air quality improvement. The study demonstrates that controlled doping and thermal treatment significantly influence the structural, optical, and photocatalytic performance of the resulting nanoparticles. The methodology is scalable and environmentally friendly, utilizing non-toxic solvents, and offers a versatile platform for tailoring the properties of ZnTiO for specific applications in photocatalysis and beyond.

Specification

PREAMBLE TO THE DESCRIPTION
The following specification particularly describes the invention and the
manner in which it is to be performed.
4. DESCRJPTION
4.1BACKGROUND OF INVENTION
The need for sustainable energy solutions and effective environmental remediation has
driven research into advanced materials for photocatalysis. Perovskite nanoparticles,
particularly ZnTiO , PbTiO , and MgTiO , have emerged as promising candidates
due to their unique properties. These materials, characterized by the formula ABX ,
exhibit high dielectric constants and excellent photocatalytic capabilities, making them
ideal for applications in degrading pollutants and harnessing solar energy.
ZnTiO is known for its ability to generate reactive species under UV light, while .
PbTiO offers strong ferroelectric properties that can be enhanced by doping to
improve visible light absorption. Similarly, MgTiO combines stability with favorable
optical characteristics, positioning it well for photocatalytic processes. However,
challenges such as limited visible light activity and inefficient charge carrier dynamics
hinder their effectiveness. This invention focuses on the development of methods to synthesize pure and doped ZnTiO , PbTiO , and MgTiO nanoparticles, optimizing
their photocatalytic performance through controlled "doping and advanced synthesis
techniques. By enhancing these materials' properties, the invention aims to address
environmental pollution and contribute to renewable energy technologies, aligning
with global sustainability goals.
4.2FJELD OF INVENTION
The area of invention involves several interrelated domains, each contributing to the
development and application of perovskite nanoparticles, particularly ZnTiO ,
PbTiO , and MgTiO , for photocatalytic purposes. Here's a detailed exploration of
each key domain:
I. Materials Science:
This domain focuses on developing methods for synthesizing pure and doped
perovskite nanoparticles. Techniques such as sol-gel synthesis, hydrothermal
processes, and co-precipitation are employed to achieve high purity, uniform particle
size, and controlled morphology. Advanced characterization methods, including Xray
diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission
electron microscopy (TEM), are used to analyze the structural, morphological, and
crystallographic properties of the synthesized nanoparticles. Understanding these
characteristics is crucial for optimizing their photocatalytic activity.
2. Nanotechnology:
This area emphasizes the manipulation of materials at the nanoscale to enhance their
reactivity and efficiency. The high surface area-to-volume ratio of nanoparticles
significantly increases the number of active sites available for photocatalytic
reactions. Incorporating various dopants can modify the electronic structure and
improve light absorption capabilities of perovskite materials. Research in this domain
explores the effects of different dopants on photocatalytic efficiency and stability.
3. Photocatalysis:
This area involves studying the fundamental mechanisms of photocatalytic reactions,
including light absorption, charge generation, separation, and the subsequent chemical
reactions. Understanding these mechanisms is essential for designing materials that
maximize photocatalytic efficiency. The primary applications in this domain include
the degradation of organic pollutants, water purification, and hydrogen production
through water splitting. The ability of perovskite nanoparticles to harness solar energy
for chemical reactions positions them as promising candidates for addressing
environmental challenges.
4. Environmental Engineering:
•
This domain focuses on applying photocatalytic materials to tackle environmental
pollution. The invention seeks to develop effective strategies for breaking down
hazardous compounds in wastewater and improving the quality of water resources. By
using solar energy-driven processes, the invention aligns with sustainable practices
aimed at reducing environmental impact and promoting ceo-friendly technologies.
5. Renewable Energy Technology:
This area focuses on harnessing solar energy for chemical transformations. The
development of efficient photocatalysts can contribute to the production of clean fuels,
such as hydrogen, from water, providing a renewable energy source. The invention
may explore the integration of perovskite photocatalysis with existing energy systems,
enhancing the overall efficiency of solar energy conversion technologies and
contributing to the advancement of sustainable energy solutions.
4.3 DISCUSSION OF THE RELATED ART
Recent advancements in the synthesis and application of perovskite nanoparticles,
particularly ZnTiO , PbTiO , and MgTiO , have garnered significant attention due to their
promising photocatalytic properties for environmental remediation. In a study by Jabeen and
Chaudhry (2020), the authors synthesized ZnTiO nanoparticles using a sol-gel method,
focusing on their photocatalytic degradation capabilities under UV light. Their findings
indicated that the synthesized nanoparticles exhibited high efficiency in degrading organic
dyes, demonstrating the potential of ZnTiO in water treatment applications. Similarly,
Zhang et a!. (2021) investigated the effects of various dopants on the photocatalytic
performance of PbTiO nanoparticles. The study revealed that doping not only enhanced the
visible light absorption but also significantly improved the degradation efficiency of organic
pollutants, positioning PbTiO as a viable candidate for photocatalytic applications under
solar illumination
Moreover, Alharbi et al. (2022) explored the synthesis of MgTiO nanoparticles and their
photocatalytic activity in degrading hazardous organic compounds. Their research
highlighted the efficacy of MgTiO under UV irradiation, providing insights into its
potential for environmental cleanup. The co-precipitation method was examined by Kumar
and Gupta (20 19), who reported on the synthesis of doped ZnTiO · nanoparticles. The study
emphasized the impact of different doping levels on the photocatalytic efficiency against
various organic dyes, showcasing the importance of material optimization in enhancing
performance .
·rn another significant contribution, Liu et al. (2023) provided mechanistic insights into the
photocatalytic processes of PbTiO under solar irradiation. Their findings elucidated the
roles of charge carriers· and reactive oxygen species in the degradation of pollutants,
enhancing the understanding of the underlying mechanisms at play in photocatalytic systems.
Additionally, Chen et al. (2020) investigated doping strategies to improve the photocatalytic
efficiency of MgTiO nanoparticles. The study indicated that specific metal dopants
significantly enhanced the material's activity, particularly under visible light, broadening its
applicability in photocatalytic reactions. Shafiq et al. (2021) contributed to the field by
examining mixed metal perovskites, including ZnTiO , for their photocatalytic applications
in water treatment. Their research demonstrated the enhanced activity of mixed perovskites,
which can leverage the unique properties of individual components to improve overall
photocatalytic performance. Wang et al. (2022) further explored the potential of ZnTiO
nanoparticles for hydrogen production through photocatalytic water splitting. The study
revealed that structural modifications significantly enhanced the photocatalytic activity,
indicating a promising avenue for renewable energy applications.
Gao et al. (2023) focused on the morphological effects of PbTiO nanoparticles on their
photocatalytic efficiency. Their research demonstrated that variations in particle shape and
size could significantly influence the material's perfonnance, providing valuable insights for
future material design. Lastly, Farooq et al. (2021) evaluated the photocatalytic performance
of doped MgTiO nanoparticles under different light conditions. Their findings indicated
that optimal doping strategies could enhance the photocatalytic efficiency across a range of
light spectra, highlighting the versatility ofMgTiO in various applications.
Overall, these studies underscore the advancements in the field of perovskite nanoparticles,
highlighting the importance of material synthesis, doping strategies, and photocatalytic
mechanisms. The ongoing research demonstrates the potential of ZnTiO , PbTiO , and
MgTiO nanoparticles in addressing critical environmental challenges, particularly in water
purification and renewable energy generation. As the understanding of these materials
continues to evolve, their applications in photocatalysis arc expected to expand, paving the
way for innovative solutions in environmental remediation and energy sustainability.
SUMMARY OF INVENTION
The synthesis of ZnTiO gel was achieved using titanium butoxide (Ti(OC H ) ) as a
precursor, which was diluted in ethanol and stirred to create a homogeneous solution. This
solution was added dropwise into a mixture of ethanol, water, and nitric acid, stirring for 2
hours to fonn solution A. Concurrently, solution B was prepared by dissolving zinc acetate
(Zn(OOCCH ) ) in ethylene glycol, which was stirred for I hour. Solution B was then
added to solution A, resulting in a pure ZnTiO gel, which was dried at 180°C for 5 hours
and annealed at varying temperatures (600°C, 700°C, and 800°C) for crystallization. For Agdoped
ZnTiO nanoparticles, silver nitrate was incorporated into the synthesis, and the gel
was calcined at 700°C. Various doping concentrations (0.01 %, 0.02%, and 0.03%) were
prepared. Additionally, (Ag-Fe) codoped ZnTiO nanoparticles were synthesized using both
silver and ferric nitrates, following a similar process. The resulting materials are expected to
exhibit enhanced photocatalytic properties, making them suitable for applications tn
environmental remediation, such as water purification and air quality improvement.
4.5 DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The synthesis of ZnTiO ·gel was initiated using titanium butoxide (Ti(OC H ) ) as the
primary precursor. In this process, I ml of titanium butoxide was diluted in 12.7 ml of
ethanol and stirred for 30 minutes to achieve a homogeneous mixture. This solution was
subsequently added dropwise into a mixture containing ethanol, water, and nitric acid
(HNO ), followed by stirring for an additional 2 hours to create a stable and homogeneous
solution, referred to as solution A. Simultaneously, another solution, designated as solution
B, was prepared by dissolving 6.015 g of zinc acetate (Zn(OOCCH ) ) in 27.4 ml of
ethylene glycol (C H 0 ). This solution was agitated for I hour to ensure complete
dissolution of the zinc acetate. Once both solutions were prepared, solution B was added
dropwisc to solution A while maintaining continuous stirring for a period of 2 hours. This
careful combination facilitated the fonnation of a pure and homogeneous ZnTiO gel.
Following the fonnation of the gel, the mixture was dried at 180°C for 5 hours. This drying
process was crucial for removing any residual solvents and promoting gel maturation. Once
dried, the gel was ground using a mortar to obtain a fine powder. The final step involved
annealing the prepared powder in an air atmosphere at varying temperatures specifically
600°C, 700°C, and 800°C for 2 hours. This annealing process enhances the crystallinity and
phase purity of the ZnTiO nanoparticles.
Tn order to synthesize Ag-doped ZnTiO nanoparticles, a similar method was employed as
outlined for the synthesis of pure ZnTiO . Tn this variation, silver nitrate (Ag(NO ) ) was
incorporated into the reaction mixture, with concentrations ranging from 0.169 to 0.507 g,
depending on the desired doping level. After the gel was formed, it was calcined at 700°C for·
2 hours. Different concentrations of Ag-doped ZnTiO nanostructures were prepared,
including ZnTiO :Ag (x%) with x values ofO.Ol, 0.02, and 0.03. The introduction of silver
not only modifies the electronic properties of the nanoparticles but also enhances their
photocatalytic performance by improving visible light absorption.
Further expanding upon the doping strategies, (Ag-Fe) codoped ZnTiO nanoparticles were
synthesized using a method analogous to that of pure ZnTiO . In this procedure, both silver
nitrate and ferric nitrate were introduced into the precursor solutions (solutions A and B). The
resulting light gray gel underwent the same drying process at 180°C for 5 hours, similar to
the previous steps. After drying, the gel was again calcined at 700°C for 2 hours, which
allowed for the incorporation of both silver and iron into the ZnTiO lattice. Various
concentrations of (Ag-Fe) codoped ZnTiO nanoparticles were also prepared, denoted as
ZnTiO :(Ag-Fe)(x%), where x values of 0.01, 0.02, and 0.03 were utilized. The codoping of
silver and iron is anticipated to synergistically enhance the photocatalytic properties of the
ZnTiO nanoparticles, leveraging the beneficial characteristics of both dopants.
In summary, the~synthesis of pure and doped ZnTiO nanoparticles involves careful
preparation of precursor solutions, controlled addition processes, and systematic thermal
treatments to achieve high-quality nanostructures. The resulting ZnTiO , Ag~doped
ZnTiO , and (Ag~Fe) codoped ZnTiO nanoparticles are expected to exhibit superior
photocatalytic activities, making them suitable for a variety of environmental applications.
By optimizing do]:!ing contractions and synthesis conditions, this research aims to dev~e.lop
efficient photocatalytic materials that can effectively address environmental challenges, such
as water purification and air quality improvement.
CLAIMS:
I. Scalable Production: The use of readily available and cost-effective precursors
like titanium butoxide and zinc acetate, combined with a simple gel synthesis
process, makes this method scalable for industrial applications, facilitating the
production of ZnTiO nanoparticles for large-scale environmental applications.
2. Versatile Doping Strategies: The synthesis approach enables the incorporation of
various doping concentrations (0.01%, 0.02%, 0.03%) of Ag, and the potential for
codoping with Fe, providing a versatile platform for optimizing the electronic and
optical properties of ZnTiO to meet specific application requirements in
photocatalysis.
3. Environmental Sustainability: The synthesis process, which employs ethanol
and ethylene glycol as solvents, aligns with sustainable chemistry practices by
minimizing the use of hazardous chemicals, thereby contributing to the
development of environmentally friendly materials for photocatalytic applications.
4. Tailored Optical Properties: The synthesis method allows for the precise
adjustment. of optical properties through the doping of silver and iron, enabling the
development of ZnTiO nanoparticles with tailored absorption and emission
characteristics suitable for various photocatalytic and optoelectronic applications.
5. Improved Stability and Reactivity: The resultant ZnTiO gel exhibits enhanced
thermal and chemical stability due to the unique gelation process, which not only
Improves the structural integrity of the nanoparticles but also increases their
reactivity m photocatalytic reactions, making them more effective m environmental remediation tasks

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