DEVELOPMENT OF ECO-FRIENDLY CONCRETE MIX WITH AGRICULTURAL WASTE AND PORTLAND POZZOLONA CEMENT

Abstract

This invention explores the feasibility and potential benefits of utilizing Palm Kernal Shells (PKS) as a substitute for coarse aggregate in concrete and Production of concrete with Agricultural waste with enhanced concrete properties. With a focus on sustainability, the study aims to address environmental concerns associated with waste disposal and encourage the use of eco-friendly alternatives particularly agricultural waste in the infrastructure sector. This invention begins with a detailed characterization of the physical characteristics of palm kernel shells to ensure their compatibility with concrete production. Compressive strength, Tensile and flexural strength, and durability assessments are carried out to evaluate the structural performance of the resulting concrete. This invention aspires to contribute practical insights into the feasibility of palm kernal shells as an environmental friendly option to traditional coarse aggregate in concrete. The results aim to give a solution to the construction industry's shift towards environmentally conscious practices, offering a greener solution for concrete production that simultaneously addresses agricultural waste challenge.

Specification

Description:FIELD OF THE INNOVATION:
To develop the eco-friendly concrete mix with agricultural waste and Portland pozzolona cement.

BACKGROUND OF INVENTION: -
Oil palm shells (OPS) or Palm kernel shells (PKS) are Agricultural waste products that are collected from factories that produce crude palm oil all over the world. The oil mills create vast amounts of oil palm shells during the processing of palm fruit to extract palm oil. It was estimated that the yearly production of oil palm shell (OPS) solid waste is about 35 million tonnes per year.
Many wastes are produced during the processing of palm fruit to extract palm oil and palm kernels, including empty fruit bunches, palm oil fiber, and palm oil effluent (OPS), all of which are harmful to living things if improperly disposed of in the environment and open land dumping also wastes the precious land. Oil palm fruit processing yields a solid waste substance known as OPS as a by-product.
This study provides details on the mechanical and physical characteristics of various palm kernel shell (PKS) sizes that are utilized in this context as lightweight aggregates (LWA) and how those characteristics affect the mechanical characteristics of palm kernel shell concrete (PKSC). The depletion of natural aggregate resources in the near future cannot be overemphasized. Enhancing construction costs and searching of solutions to reduce environmental stresses and to make construction industry sustainable has necessitated research into the use of alternative materials, especially locally available industrial wastes which can replace conventional raw materials used in concrete production. Therefore, this study evaluated the strength of concrete produced using Palm Kernel Shell (PKS) as a partial replacement for coarse aggregate.

INTRODUCTION: -
This invention describes the concrete production with PPC and Palm Kernal shells an agricultural waste to value added in Construction field. Still further, the invention is giving as well a solution for the sustainability of natural resources. Further, the invention focused on work-ability properties of concrete partially replacing natural aggregate with palm kernal shell's waste. Furthermore, it relates to the development of concrete mechanical properties like compressive strength, tensile strength and flexural strength that with palm kernal shell waste as partial replacement to natural aggregate. Additionally, it relates to developing concrete with palm kernel shell waste to use for hydraulic structure construction.

NOVELTY
The experimental investigation has been carried out for optimizing the utilization of natural aggregates in concrete preparation by replacing partially with Palm Kernal shells. Conducted water absorption and mechanical tests on Palm Kernal shells to determine it's feasibility for utilizing as coarse aggregate in concrete. The results were shown encouraging to add partially in place of course aggregate to achieve the sustainability of natural aggregates. The agricultural waste was converted in to value added by adding in concrete.

OBJECTIVES OF THE INVENTION: -
The primary object of the present invention is to produce concrete using Portland Pozzolona cement and Palm Kernal shells as coarse aggregate. The partial replacement of coarse aggregate with palm kernel shells (PKS) in concrete or construction materials serves several purposes.
i. To find out the fresh properties (Work-ability properties) by conducting the slump cone test.
ii. To find out the mechanical properties of palm kernel shell concrete by conducting compressive strength, tensile strength and flexuralal strength tests.
iii. To find out durability properties of palm kernel shell concrete by conducting Abrasion test .

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION: -
Fresh Properties (Work ability) :
According to IS: 1199, the work ability of prepared PKSC was tested using the Slump cone method, to asses the fresh property of concrete.
. Table1: Work ability Results
For different types of mixes Slump height from top (mm)
0 % 100
5% 120
10% 130
15% 150
20% 170










Fig:1 Work ability Vs % PKS



Compressive strength test (IS 516 : 2021)
Compressive strength is the measure of a hardened concrete's strength under a compression load. To find the compressive strength, concrete cubes of size 100mm were tested in compression testing machine with a capacity of 200Tonnes.
The compressive strength of concrete with PKS is calculated using the formula
Where,
L=Load on the specimen at failure(N).
A = Area of the specimen (mm2).
Table2: Compressive strength test Results:

Strength 0% PKS 5% PKS 10% PKS 15% PKS 20% PKS
7 days 16.07 17.47 23.00 29.40 25.43
28 days 34.5 36.82 38.18 37.75.518 31.30
56 days 44.35 45.42 50.38 57.70 44.70
90 days 63.03 68.36 73.69 75.23 72.90









Fig:2 Compressive strength Vs % PKS


Split Tensile strength (IS 516 : 2021)
Concrete resistance to tensile stresses is measured by its split tensile strength, sometimes referred to as its indirect tensile strength or just its tensile strength. Concrete's split tensile strength is usually assessed using a cylindrical specimen of size 150 mm in diameter and 300 mm in length. This test was conducted in accordance with IS 516:2015.The specimen is positioned horizontally inside the testing apparatus placing between two bearing plates, and a compressive load is applied across it in a diametric manner. Up until the specimen splits or fractures along the axis perpendicular to the applied force, the load is steadily raised. The maximum load is noted and is used in determining the strength in tension using formula.

Where S=Tensile resistance (N/mm2).
P=Failure Load(N).
d=Specimen diameter(mm). l= Specimen length (mm).

Table3: Split Tensile strength test Results (MPa):
Strength
MPa 0%
PKS 5%
PKS 10%
PKS 15%
PKS 20%
PKS
7days 1.51 1.69 2.2 2.5 2.3
28days 2.80 3.21 3.53 3.64 3.3
56days 4.29 4.43 4.88 5.5 4.3
90days 5.7 5.93 6.2 6.53 6.1

Fig:3 Split Tensile strength Vs % PKS

Flexural strength (IS 516:2021):
Flexural strength, also known as modulus of rupture, is a measure of a material's ability to with stand bending or flexural stresses without breaking. Flexural strength is an important property in structural design, particularly for elements such as beams, slabs, and bridge components, where bending or deflection is a critical consideration. The flexural test was done on specimens having size of 100 mm in width and depth and 500 mm in length following guidelines of IS 516:2021.

Table4: Flexural strength test Results:
Strength
MPa 0%
PKS 5%
PKS 10%
PKS 15%
PKS 20%
PKS
7Days 1.62 1.7 2.4 2.7 2.5
28Days 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.8 3.4
56Days 4.3 4.5 4.9 5.6 5.2
90Days 5.9 6.0 6.3 6.7 6.4

Fig: 4 Flexural strength Vs % PKS

Abrasion resistance test:
Test techniques that are specific to measuring concrete's abrasion resistance in water or other submerged environments are usually needed.The "Wet Abrasion Test, " which employs a testing apparatus that functions in a wet environment resembles a hydraulic structure exposed to water, is one such technique. Abrasion resilience of concrete in water was measured using the ASTM C1138 guidelines Concrete Specimens300 mm in diameter and 100 mm in height cylindrical specimens were prepared.It assesses the level of abrasion resistance of concrete following its immersion in water and exposure to circulating suspended particles in water.The findings shows that over time, the rate of abrasion of the concrete surface increased.But the values are lesser compared to without PKSC.










Table5: Abrasion test Results:
Time (Hrs) M-0 M-5 M-10 M-15 M-20
PWL (%) ADA
(mm) PWL (%) ADA
(mm) PWL (%) ADA
(mm) PWL
(%) ADA
(mm) PWL
(%) ADA
(mm)
12 1.21 0.68 1.08 0.54 0.58 0.44 0.45 0.32 0.61 0.25
24 1.73 0.89 1.29 0.66 0.95 0.56 0.79 0.44 1.1 0.3
36 2.16 0.97 1.88 0.73 1.33 0.66 1.23 0.55 1.42 0.45
48 2.55 1.32 2.32 1.05 1.68 0.71 1.66 0.64 1.71 0.5
60 3.03 1..4 2.79 1.29 1.91 0.91 1.88 0.69 2.01 0.55
72 3.3 1.6 3.09 1.38 2.43 1.07 2.2 0.87 2.51 0.7


Fig 5: Graph of ADA Fig 6: Graph of PWL

The advantages of this Concrete with PPC and PKS are
• It can be used as light weight concrete.
• It can be used for construction of noise barriers along highways and railways due to its sound absorbing properties
• It can be used for applications in walls, roofs and floors where thermal insulation is required.
• It can be used for decorative elements like garden ornaments, paving stones and other architectural details.
• It Can be used for construction of structures like breakwaters and seawalls due to its resistance to saltwater and its environmental benefits.
• It is suitable for industrial flooring. , Claims:1. A comprehensive process of development of concrete production and properties using Portland Pozzolona cement in place of OPC and Palm Kernel Shells partially in place of Natural aggregates is claimed.
2. Work-ability of PKS concrete mix increases with increase in PKS concrete because of the PKS smooth surface, less water absorption and due to less frictional resistance is claimed.
3. Compressive strength enhancement for 15% PKS replacement is 19.29% claimed.
4. Split tensile strength enhancement for 15% PKS replacement is 14.56% claimed.
5. Flexural strength enhancement for 15% PKS replacement is 13.55% claimed.
6. The rate of abrasion of the concrete surface increased. But the values are lesser
compared to without PKSC is claimed.
7. It is claimed with the above properties Enhancement in concrete preparation with PPC,15% of Palm Kernal Shells is the optimum Replacement.

Documents