A CONCRETE COMPOSITION FOR DYNAMIC WIRELESS POWER TRANSMISSION AND A PROCESS FOR ITS PREPARATION

Abstract

ABSTRACT A CONCRETE COMPOSITION FOR DYNAMIC WIRELESS POWER TRANSMISSION AND A PROCESS FOR ITS PREPARATION The present disclosure relates to a concrete composition and a process for its preparation. The concrete composition of the present disclosure is a conducting concrete composition. The present disclosure provides a simple, economic and environment friendly process for the preparation of the concrete composition. Further, the present disclosure provides an article prepared by using the concrete composition of the present disclosure. The article is used as a medium for wireless power transmission that reduces the power loss and enhances the power transmission to the electric devices. The article is used for wireless power transmission for charging both the dynamic electric devices and stationary electric devices.

Specification

Description:FIELD
The present disclosure relates to concrete composition in civil applications such as roadways.
DEFINITIONS
As used in the present disclosure, the following terms are generally intended to have the meaning as set forth below, except to the extent that the context in which they are used indicates otherwise.
Electric vehicle (EV): The term "electric vehicle" refers to a vehicle that uses electric motors for propulsion/driving.
Electromagnetic induction: The term "Electromagnetic induction" refers to the generation of an electromotive force (EMF) by moving a magnetic field around an electric conductor, as well as the generation of current by moving an electric conductor through a static magnetic field.
Magnetic flux density: The term "magnetic flux density" refers to the amount of magnetic flux passing through a unit area perpendicular to the magnetic field. . The unit of magnetic flux density is microtesla (µT).
Litz coil: The term "Litz coil" refers to a multistrand coil that is used in electronics to transmit alternating current (AC) at radio frequencies. The coil is intended to reduce skin effect and proximity effect losses in conductors operating at frequencies of up to 1 MHz. It is made up of many thin wire strands that have been individually insulated and twisted or woven together, often on multiple levels (already-twisted wires are twisted together into small groups, and those are twisted into larger groups, and so on). As a result of these winding patterns, the proportion of the overall length over which each strand is at the outside of the conductor is equalized. This distributes the current evenly among the wire strands, lowering the impedance.
Ferrite core: The term "ferrite core" refers to a magnetic core made of ferrite on which the windings of electric transformers and other components such as inductors are formed. It is used due to its high magnetic permeability combined with low electrical conductivity.
M25 concrete: The term "M25 concrete" refers to a concrete having a compressive strength of 25 MPa (megapascals) at 28 days of curing. In context with the present disclosure, the M25 concrete comprising cement (65 mass% to 75 mass%) and sand (25 mass% to 35 mass%).
BACKGROUND
The background information hereinbelow relates to the present disclosure but is not necessarily prior art.
Transportation is the need of modern life. Conventional vehicles powered by petrol or diesel are used for transportation however a great deal of air pollution and noise pollution is created by these vehicles. So electric vehicles are rapidly taking their place. Electric vehicles (EVs) are significantly better for the environment, with no exhaust emissions and no noise.
Electric vehicles are typically charged by an energy storage device such as a battery. The batteries are then charged from another source by means of a wired alternating current (AC) supply source. The disadvantage of wired charging connections is that they require cables or other similar connectors that are physically connected to a power supply. At times, these cables and connectors are inconvenient or cumbersome. Further, the availability of a power supply station is a major concern. Furthermore, charging the battery takes a long time. These disadvantages are overcome by a wireless charging system.
The wireless charging systems can transfer power and can be used to charge electric vehicles. As a result, wireless charging systems and methods for charging electric vehicles that transfer power efficiently and safely are desirable. Wireless vehicle charging works by transferring energy between two magnetic coils (transmitter coil and receiver coil).
No magnetic field is normally generated in the charging panel/pad/tile/housing/concrete where the transmitter coil is located. The absence of a magnetic field in charging panel/pad/tile/housing/concrete results in an inefficient power transfer. Moreover, the charging panel/pad/tile/housing/concrete has a loss of electric charge during transfer to the electric vehicles. Further, the wireless charging system can charge either dynamic or stable electric vehicles. The requirement for different charging systems for dynamic and stable vehicles necessitates additional setup and cost.
Therefore, there is felt a need to provide a concrete composition and a process for its preparation that can mitigate the drawbacks mentioned hereinabove or at least provides an alternative solution.
OBJECTS
An object of the present disclosure is to ameliorate one or more problems of the background or to at least provide a useful alternative.
Another object of the present disclosure is to provide a concrete composition.
Still another object of the present disclosure is to provide a conducting concrete composition that generates magnetic field.
Yet another object of the present disclosure is to provide a concrete composition that reduces the power loss and enhances the power transmission.
Still another object of the present disclosure is to provide a process for the preparation of a concrete composition.
Yet another object of the present disclosure is to provide a simple and economic process for the preparation of a concrete composition.
Still another object of the present disclosure is to provide an article comprising the concrete composition.
Yet another object of the present disclosure is to provide an article comprising the concrete composition that is used as a medium for wireless power transmission.
Still another object of the present disclosure is to provide an article comprising the concrete composition that charges both the dynamic and the stationary electric devices.
Other objects and advantages of the present disclosure will be more apparent from the following description, which is not intended to limit the scope of the present disclosure.
SUMMARY
The present disclosure relates to a concrete composition and a process for its preparation.
In an aspect, the present disclosure relates to a concrete composition comprising:
i) cement in an amount in the range of 20 mass% to 40 mass%;
ii) sand in an amount in the range of 45 mass% to 60 mass%;
iii) at least one iron component in an amount in the range of 10 mass% to 20 mass%; and
iv) at least one copper component in an amount in the range of 0.1 mass% to 0.5 mass%;
wherein the mass% of each ingredient is with respect to the total mass of the concrete composition.
In an embodiment of the present disclosure, the cement is at least one selected from the group consisting of Portland Pozzolana Cement (PPC), Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC), Portland Slag Cement (PSC), low heat cement, hydrophobic portland cement, rapid hardening cement, extra rapid hardening cement, sulphate resisting cement, quick-setting cement, blast furnace slag cement, high alumina cement, and white cement.
In an embodiment of the present disclosure, the sand is at least one selected from the group consisting of crush sand, plaster sand, manufactured sand (m-sand), and slag sand.
In an embodiment of the present disclosure, the iron component is at least one selected from the group consisting of iron oxide powder (Fe3O4), iron sulfide and iron oxide aggregates.
In an embodiment of the present disclosure, the copper component is selected from the group consisting of copper powder and copper sulfide.
In an embodiment of the present disclosure, the iron oxide powder comprises Fe3O4 in an amount in the range of 99 mass% to 99.5 mass% with respect to the total mass of iron oxide powder and silicon dioxide in an amount in the range of 0.5 mass% to 1 mass% with respect to the total mass of iron oxide powder.
In an embodiment of the present disclosure, a mass ratio of the cement to the sand is in the range of 0.5:1 to 0.8:1,
In an embodiment of the present disclosure, a mass ratio of the cement to the iron component is in the range of 2:1 to 3:1.
In an embodiment of the present disclosure, a mass ratio of the cement to the copper component is in the range of 60:1 to 200:1.
In an embodiment of the present disclosure, a particle size of the sand is in the range of 0.07 mm to 5 mm.
In an embodiment of the present disclosure, a particle size of the copper component is in the range of 100 microns to 200 microns.
In an embodiment of the present disclosure, a particle size of iron sulfide is in the range of 50 microns to 150 microns.
In an embodiment of the present disclosure, a particle size of the iron oxide powder is in the range of 50 microns to 150 microns.
In an embodiment of the present disclosure, a particle size of the iron oxide aggregate is in the range of 6 mm to 15 mm.
In another aspect, the present disclosure relates to a process for preparing the concrete composition. The process comprises mixing predetermined amounts of cement, sand, at least one iron component and at least one copper component at a temperature in the range of 25 °C to 40 °C for a time period in the range of 24 hours to 48 hours to obtain the concrete composition.
Still in another aspect the present disclosure relates to a process for the preparation of an article. The process comprises the following steps:
i) mixing a predetermined amount of water with a predetermined amount of the concrete composition at a temperature in the range of 25 °C to 40 °C for a time period in the range of 1 minute to 10 minutes to obtain a mixture; and
ii) pouring the mixture into a mould followed by curing and drying to obtain the article.
In an embodiment of the present disclosure, the article is selected from the group consisting of tiles, precast panels, slabs, and countertops.
In an embodiment of the present disclosure, the article is characterized by having at least one of the following:
i) tensile strength in the range of 2.5 MPa to 5 MPa;
ii) compressive strength in the range of 28 Mpa to 35 MPa;
iii) impact strength in the range of 4 j/cm2 to 5 j/cm2;
iv) electrical conductivity in the range of 1.2×10-12 S/m to 1.2×10-8 S/m; and
v) magnetic flux density in the range of 2.3 µT to 2.4 µT.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE ACCOMPANYING DRAWING
The present disclosure will now be described with the help of the accompanying drawing, in which:
Figure 1 illustrates a flow chart for preparation of an article (tile) followed by performance testing by using the concrete composition in accordance with the present disclosure;
Figure 2 illustrates a square shape mould design configured to accommodate a square shape coil in accordance with the present disclosure;
Figure 3 illustrates testing the different square shaped articles prepared by using the concrete composition of the present disclosure;
Figure 4 (A) illustrates the glue/adhesive applied on the square-shaped wire winding projections embedded in the concrete floor tiles, designed to optimize electromagnetic performance in accordance with the present disclosure;
Figure 4 (B) illustrates the ferrite core in accordance with the present disclosure;
Figure 5 illustrates the coil placed in the article (tile), prepared by using the concrete of the present disclosure;
Figure 6 illustrates the magnetic core and the coil placed in the article (tile), prepared by using the concrete of the present disclosure;
Figure 7 illustrates an article (tile) prepared by using the concrete composition of the present disclosure placed on top of the road surface, wherein "RX" is the receiver coil positioned underneath the car and "TX" is a transmitter coil positioned on the floor in accordance with the present disclosure;
Figure 8 (A) and (B) illustrate the articles (prepared by using the concrete composition of the present disclosure) placed on the roadways for wireless power transmission;
Figure 9 (a) illustrates the wave form of transmitter pad voltage (V) and transmitter pad current (A) in accordance with the present disclosure; and
Figure 9 (b) illustrates the wave form of receiver pad voltage (V) and receiver pad current (A) in accordance with the present disclosure.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
The present disclosure relates to concrete composition in civil application such as roadways.
Embodiments, of the present disclosure, will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawing.
Embodiments are provided so as to thoroughly and fully convey the scope of the present disclosure to the person skilled in the art. Numerous details are set forth, relating to specific components, and methods, to provide a complete understanding of embodiments of the present disclosure. It will be apparent to the person skilled in the art that the details provided in the embodiments should not be construed to limit the scope of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, well-known processes, well-known apparatus structures, and well-known techniques are not described in detail.
The terminology used, in the present disclosure, is only for the purpose of explaining a particular embodiment and such terminology shall not be considered to limit the scope of the present disclosure. As used in the present disclosure, the forms "a," "an," and "the" may be intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly suggests otherwise. The terms "comprises," "comprising," "including," and "having," are open ended transitional phrases and therefore specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, modules, units and/or components, but do not forbid the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof. The particular order of steps disclosed in the method and process of the present disclosure is not to be construed as necessarily requiring their performance as described or illustrated. It is also to be understood that additional or alternative steps may be employed.
As used herein, the term "and/or" includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed elements.
The terms first, second, third, etc., should not be construed to limit the scope of the present disclosure as the aforementioned terms may be only used to distinguish one element, component, region, layer or section from another component, region, layer or section. Terms such as first, second, third etc., when used herein do not imply a specific sequence or order unless clearly suggested by the present disclosure.
Transportation is the need of modern life. Conventionally, vehicles powered by petrol or diesel are used for transportation; however, a great deal of air pollution and noise pollution is created by these vehicles. So electric vehicles are rapidly taking their place. Electric vehicles (EVs) are much better for the environment, have no tailpipe emissions, and are noise-free.
Electric vehicles are typically charged by an energy storage device, such as a battery. The batteries are then charged from another source by means of a wired alternating current (AC) supply source. The disadvantage of wired charging connections is that they require cables or other similar connectors that are physically connected to a power supply. At times, these cables and connectors are inconvenient or cumbersome. Further, power supply station availability is a major concern. Furthermore, charging the battery takes a long time. This disadvantage is overcome by a wireless charging system.
The wireless charging systems can transfer power and can be used to charge electric vehicles. As a result, wireless charging systems and methods for charging electric vehicles that transfer power efficiently and safely are desirable. Wireless vehicle charging works by transferring energy between two magnetic coils (transmitter coil and receiver coil).
No magnetic field is normally generated in the charging panel/pad/tile/housing/concrete where the transmitter coil is located. The absence of a magnetic field in a charging panel/pad/tile/housing/concrete result in an inefficient power transfer. Moreover, the charging panel/pad/tile/housing/concrete has a loss of electric charge during the transfer to the electric vehicles. Further, the wireless charging system can charge either dynamic or stable electric vehicles. The requirement for different charging systems for dynamic and stable vehicles necessitates additional setup and cost.
The present disclosure provides a concrete composition, a process for its preparation and articles made therefrom.
In an aspect, the present disclosure provides a concrete composition. The composition comprises cement in an amount in the range of 20 mass% to 40 mass%, sand in an amount in the range of 45 mass% to 60 mass%, at least one iron component in an amount in the range of 10 mass% to 20 mass%, and at least one copper component in an amount in the range of 0.1 mass% to 0.5 mass%, wherein the mass% is with respect to the total mass of the concrete composition.
In an embodiment of the present disclosure, the cement is at least one selected from the group consisting of Portland Pozzolana Cement (PPC), Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC), Portland Slag Cement (PSC), low heat cement, hydrophobic portland cement, rapid hardening cement, extra rapid hardening cement, sulphate resisting cement, quick-setting cement, blast furnace slag cement, high alumina cement, and white cement. In an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure, the cement is Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC).
In an exemplary embodiment, the concrete composition comprises cement in an amount of 32.18 mass% with respect to the total mass of the concrete composition.
In an embodiment of the present disclosure, the sand is at least one selected from the group consisting of crush sand, plaster sand, manufactured sand (m-sand) and slag sand. In an exemplary embodiment, the sand is manufactured sand (m-sand).
In an exemplary embodiment, the concrete composition comprises sand in an amount of 53.79 mass% with respect to the total mass of the concrete composition.
In an embodiment of the present disclosure, the iron component is at least one selected from the group consisting of iron oxide powder (Fe3O4) (magnetite), iron sulfide and iron oxide aggregates. In an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure, the iron component is a mixture of iron oxide powder (Fe3O4) (magnetite) and iron sulfide.
In an exemplary embodiment, the concrete composition comprises iron component in an amount of 13.79 mass% with respect to the total mass of the concrete composition.
The addition of iron component to the concrete composition as substitute for 30% of cement enhances the charging capability of the concrete composition.
In an embodiment of the present disclosure, the iron oxide powder comprises Fe3O4 (magnetite) in an amount in the range of 99 mass% to 99.5 mass% with respect to the total mass of iron oxide powder; and silicon dioxide in an amount in the range of 0.5 mass% to 1 mass% with respect to the total mass of iron oxide powder. In an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure, the iron oxide powder comprises Fe3O4 in an amount of 99.2 mass% with respect to the total mass of iron oxide powder; and silicon dioxide in an amount of 0.8 mass% with respect to the total mass of iron oxide powder.
An iron oxide powder containing 99.2% Fe3O4 and 0.8% SiO2 provide concrete composition with greater power transfer.
Fe3O4 (magnetite) is conductive. So, incorporating the Fe3O4 (magnetite) in the concrete composition increases the electrical conductivity of the concrete composition as compared to the conventional concrete composition (without magnetite).
In an embodiment of the present disclosure, the copper component is selected from the group consisting of copper powder and copper sulfide. In an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure, the copper component is copper powder.
In an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure, the copper component is present in an amount of 0.23 mass% with respect to the total mass of the concrete composition.
Incorporating magnetite and copper powder into concrete composition significantly enhances its ability to support magnetic fields and improve power transmission rates. Magnetite (Fe₃O₄) known for its magnetic properties, facilitates the formation of a conductive matrix within the concrete composition, enabling it to interact effectively with electromagnetic fields. The addition of copper powder further augments this effect due to its (copper) excellent electrical conductivity. Together, these materials exhibit improved electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding and inductive coupling capabilities. The concrete composition of the present disclosure can enhance power transmission rates by approximately 2% compared to conventional concrete composition, making it a promising material for applications in wireless power transfer systems and electromagnetic shielding in infrastructure. The synergistic effect of magnetite and copper powders results in retaining the structural integrity of the concrete composition and offer advanced functional properties for modern engineering applications.
In an embodiment of the present disclosure, a mass ratio of the cement to the sand is in the range of 0.5:1 to 0.8:1; a mass ratio of the cement to the iron component is in the range of 2:1 to 3:1; and a mass ratio of the cement to the copper component is in the range of 60:1 to 200:1.
In an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure, a mass ratio of the cement to the sand is 0.6:1; a mass ratio of the cement to the iron component is 2.33:1; and a mass ratio of the cement to the copper component is 140:1.
Conventionally M25 concrete composition comprises cement in an amount in the range of 65 mass% to 75 mass% with respect to the total mass of the concrete composition and sand in an amount in the range of 25 mass% to 35 mass% with respect to the total mass of the concrete composition.
In an embodiment of the present disclosure, 30% of cement in concrete composition is replaced by the iron oxide component that results in enhanced wireless power transfer.
By replacing the cement with iron oxide (conductive or magnetic materials), the concrete composition of the present disclosure is intended to improve the efficiency of wireless power transfer. When iron oxide replaces 30% of the cement, electromagnetic properties of the resulting concrete composition are improved. Further the replacement of the cement with iron oxide results in a concrete composition with a reduced energy loss, during wireless power transmission, making the infrastructure more conducive for efficient and sustainable wireless power transfer.
The cement replacement by iron sulfide and copper powder results in greater power transfer to electric devices. Further, it enhances electrical conductivity. By using the combination of iron sulfide and copper powder, the concrete composition of the present disclosure is able to optimize wireless power transfer efficiency by utilizing the magnetic and conductive properties of the of iron sulfide and copper powder. In wireless power transmission, the presence of iron oxide (magnetite), iron sulfide and copper powder help to improve electromagnetic characteristics, thereby reducing energy losses.
In an embodiment of the present disclosure, a particle size of the sand is in the range of 0.07 mm to 5 mm. In an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure, the particle size of the sand is 4.75 mm.
In an embodiment of the present disclosure, a particle size of the copper component is in the range of 100 microns to 200 microns. In an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure, the particle size of the copper component is 150 microns.
In an embodiment of the present disclosure, a particle size of the iron sulfide is in the range of 50 microns to 150 microns. In an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure, the particle size of the iron component is 100 microns.
In an embodiment of the present disclosure, a particle size of the iron oxide powder is in the range of 50 microns to 150 microns. In an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure, the particle size of the iron oxide powder is 100 microns.
In accordance with the present disclosure, a particle size of the iron oxide aggregate is in the range of 6 mm to 15 mm. In an embodiment of the present disclosure, the particle size of the iron oxide aggregate is 12 mm.
In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a process for preparing the concrete composition. The process comprises mixing predetermined amounts of cement, sand, at least one iron component, and at least one copper component at a temperature in the range of 25 °C to 40 °C for a time period in the range of 24 hours to 48 hours to obtain the concrete composition.
In an embodiment of the present disclosure, the cement is at least one selected from the group consisting of Portland Pozzolana Cement (PPC), Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC), Portland Slag Cement (PSC), low heat cement, hydrophobic portland cement, rapid hardening cement, extra rapid hardening cement, sulphate resisting cement, quick-setting cement, blast furnace slag cement, high alumina cement, and white cement. In an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure, the cement is Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC).
In an embodiment, the predetermined amount of cement is in the range of 20 mass% to 40 mass% with respect to the total mass of the concrete composition. In an exemplary embodiment, the predetermined amount of cement is 32.18 mass% with respect to the total mass of the concrete composition.
In an embodiment of the present disclosure, the sand is at least one selected from the group consisting of crush sand, plaster sand, manufactured sand (m-sand) and slag sand. In an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure, the sand is manufactured sand (m sand).
In an embodiment, the predetermined amount of sand is in the range of 45 mass% to 60 mass% with respect to the total mass of the concrete composition. In an exemplary embodiment, the predetermined amount of sand is 53.79 mass% with respect to the total mass of the concrete composition.
In an embodiment of the present disclosure, the iron component is at least one selected from the group consisting of iron oxide powder (Fe3O4), iron sulfide and iron oxide aggregates. In an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure, the iron oxide component is a mixture of iron oxide powder and iron sulfide.
In an embodiment, the predetermined amount of the iron component is in the range of 10 mass% to 20 mass% with respect to the total mass of the concrete composition. In an exemplary embodiment, the predetermined amount of the iron component is 13.79 mass% with respect to the total mass of the concrete composition.
In an embodiment of the present disclosure, the iron oxide powder comprises Fe3O4 in an amount in the range of 99 mass% to 99.5 mass% with respect to the total mass of iron oxide powder; and silicon dioxide in an amount in the range of 0.5 mass% to 1 mass% with respect to the total mass of iron oxide powder. In an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure, the iron oxide powder comprises Fe3O4 in an amount of 99.2 mass% with respect to the total mass of iron oxide powder; and silicon dioxide in an amount of 0.8 mass% with respect to the total mass of iron oxide powder.
In an embodiment of the present disclosure, the copper component is selected from the group consisting of copper powder and copper sulfide. In an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure, the copper component is copper powder.
In an embodiment of the present disclosure, the predetermined amount of copper component is in the range of 0.1 mass% to 0.5 mass% with respect to the total mass of the concrete composition. In an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure, the predetermined amount of copper component is 0.23 mass% with respect to the total mass of the concrete composition.
In still another aspect, the present disclosure provides a process for the preparation of an article. The process comprises the steps of:
i) mixing a predetermined amount of water with a predetermined amount of the concrete composition at a temperature in the range of 25 °C to 40 °C for a time period in the range of 1 minutes to 10 minutes to obtain a mixture; and
ii) pouring the mixture into a mould followed by curing and drying to obtain the article.
In an embodiment of the present disclosure, the predetermined amount of water is in the range of 15 mass% to 25 mass% with respect to the total mass of the mixture. In an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure, the predetermined amount of water is 18 mass% with respect to the total mass of the mixture.
In an embodiment of the present disclosure, the predetermined amount of concrete composition is in the range of 75 mass% to 85 mass% with respect to the total mass of the mixture. In an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure, the predetermined amount of concrete composition is 82 mass% with respect to the total mass of the mixture.
In an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure, the predetermined amount of water is mixed with a predetermined amount of concrete composition at 30 °C for 5 minutes to obtain a mixture.
The mixture is poured in a mould followed by curing and drying to obtain the article.
In an embodiment of the present disclosure, the mould is a specially configured rubber mould.
In an embodiment of the present disclosure, the rubber mould is configured to accommodate a coil in a pattern selected from the group consisting of square, rectangular, circular, pentagon, and hexagon. In an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure, the rubber mould is configured to accommodate a coil in a square pattern.
Square coil configurations are utilized, employing square wire windings for enhanced electromagnetic properties.
In an embodiment of the present disclosure, the curing is performed by maintaining a moist environment around the concrete composition for a time period in the range of 7 days to 28 days to ensure proper hydration and strength development.
In an embodiment of the present disclosure, the drying is performed for a time period in the range of 2 to 3 days under ambient conditions.
Common methods for moisture management during curing include covering the mould with wet burlap or rags and periodically dampening them, placing the mould in a high humidity curing chamber (around 90%), or even ponding water on the surface of the mould for flat tiles (ensuring proper drainage to avoid waterlogging).
To prevent cracking during drying, it is important to avoid exposing the tiles to direct sunlight or strong winds. Ideally, a shaded and well-ventilated area is best suited for drying.
In an embodiment of the present disclosure, the article is selected from the group consisting of tiles, precast panels, slabs, and countertops. In an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure, the article is a tile.
In an embodiment of the present disclosure, the tile is square shaped tile.
In an embodiment of the present disclosure, the incorporation of the iron sulfide, copper powder and the iron oxide do not affect the mechanical properties of the tile. The tiles made by using the concrete composition of the present disclosure are designed for charging purposes. Further, the tiles made by using the concrete composition of the present disclosure exhibit mechanical properties such as tensile strength, compressive strength, and impact strength comparable to those of a standard parking tile. Its intended use is specific to charging areas, where it enhances power transfer rates without being suitable for vehicle traffic. This specialized application ensures that the tiles electrical and electromagnetic performance remains optimized while maintaining standard mechanical durability for its designated purpose.
In an embodiment of the present disclosure, the article/tile is configured to accommodate a receiving coil and at least one magnetic core. The receiving coil and the magnetic core are placed by using a fastener or glue/adhesive.
After the tiles are removed from the mold, they feature wire winding projections and magnetic core placing projections. In the wire winding projections, litz wire is carefully wound around the designated area. A specialized adhesive is applied to secure the square coils in place, ensuring that it maintains its proper shape and alignment within the tile structure. This winding process is crucial to optimize the electromagnetic performance of the tiles, ensuring efficient wireless power transfer capabilities for electric vehicles and other applications requiring wireless charging infrastructure.
In an embodiment of the present disclosure, the receiving coils are configured as square coils positioned underneath vehicles to receive transmitted power efficiently. This utilizes concrete floor tiles of the present disclosure as transmission pads, placed on the ground to facilitate wireless power transfer. As the receiver coil under the car interacts with these tiles, it enables seamless charging without physical contact. Potential advancements could include incorporating different coil shapes and configurations within the tiles, enhancing adaptability and performance in diverse wireless charging applications. This evolution aims to optimize power transfer efficiency while expanding the versatility of these tiles in emerging technological landscapes such as electric vehicle infrastructure and smart city developments.
In an embodiment of the present disclosure, the square coils are made of a material selected from the group consisting of litz wire/coil.
Dynamic wireless power transfer (DWPT) is enabled by the integration of litz coil and ferrite cores within the tiles. Because of its low AC resistance and losses, litz coil is highly efficient at transmitting power at high frequencies. Further, due to its finely stranded conductors and individual insulation litz coil is highly efficient at transmitting power at high frequencies. Power transfer is improved when the litz coil is combined with the strategic placement of magnetic cores within the tile network. Litz coils and ferrite cores can concentrate magnetic fields to reduce electromagnetic interference and noise.
In an embodiment of the present disclosure, the article (tile) acts as a transmission medium between the transmitting coil and receiving coil.
The receiving coils are integrated into the electric devices (electric vehicles and robots).
In an embodiment of the present disclosure, the article (tile) comprising the core and the coil is placed on the surface of a road to obtain a tiled surface.
The mechanism by which the tiles are placed on the road for dynamic wireless power transfer (WPT) involves careful installation to ensure seamless functionality. Each tile, containing embedded coils and magnetic cores for enhanced electromagnetic performance, is laid out in a predetermined pattern on the road surface. Special attention is given to alignment and spacing between tiles to maintain continuous coverage and optimal contact with receiver coils placed underneath electric vehicles (Refer to fig 8). This layout facilitates the transmission of power as vehicles travel over the tiled surface. The installation process includes securing the tiles using suitable fasteners or adhesives to prevent displacement and ensure durability under varying environmental conditions. This systematic approach to placement enables efficient and reliable dynamic wireless charging infrastructure, supporting the advancement of electric vehicle technologies and smart transportation systems.
The tile prepared by using the concrete composition of the present disclosure charges the electric vehicles based on the following mechanism:
i) Placement of the coil in the tile: The coil, typically a transmitter coil, is embedded within the concrete tile during its manufacturing process. This coil is strategically positioned to optimize its alignment with receiver coils placed under the electric vehicle.
ii) Connection of the Coil to the electric circuit: Once the transmitter coil is embedded, it is connected to the electric circuit. This connection ensures that the coil can receive power from an external AC power supply, generating an oscillating electromagnetic field around the tile.
iii) Procedure for laying the tile on the road surface: The tiles, containing embedded coils, are laid out on the road surface in designated lanes or areas. Careful alignment and spacing between tiles are maintained to ensure effective wireless power transfer.
iv) Charging process when the electric vehicle runs over the tile: As an electric vehicle equipped with a receiver coil drives over the tiled surface, its receiver coil interacts with the electromagnetic field generated by the tile's transmitter coil. This interaction induces an electric current in the receiver coil, which is then used to charge the vehicles battery system wirelessly.
This mechanism enables seamless and efficient charging of electric vehicles while the vehicle is in motion, utilizing the infrastructure of embedded coils in concrete tiles to transfer power without the need for physical contact or stationary charging stations.
In an embodiment of the present disclosure, the transmitter coil is the starting point. The transmitter coil is powered by an AC power supply that generates an oscillating electromagnetic field around it. As the electric device navigates across the tiled surface, the receiver coil moves, tilts, and adapts to changes in position to obtain optimum alignment.
This dynamic interaction/alignment ensures efficient power transfer with minimal misalignment. By minimizing the effects of misalignment, the system maximizes power transmissive efficiency. Future advancements may focus on enhancing the design to further mitigate the impact of misalignment, thereby improving overall power transfer rates and reliability in varied operational conditions.
The article (tile) prepared by using the concrete composition of the present disclosure facilitates wireless charging for both stationery and moving electric devices. This innovative article (tile) prepared by using the concrete composition of the present disclosure enhances the conductivity of roadways, optimizing their capability to charge electric vehicles efficiently. Moreover, these articles enable continuous vehicle charging even while in motion, significantly improving the efficiency of wireless power transfer systems. When installed in parking spaces, each tile functions as a static wireless power transfer station. However, when laid continuously in a straight line, this system transforms into a dynamic wireless power transfer infrastructure, capable of charging vehicles as they travel along designated paths. This dual capability highlights the versatility and potential impact of the concrete composition in advancing electric vehicle charging technologies.
The articles prepared by using the concrete composition of the present disclosure are useful for travellers to utilize their travel time to charge their vehicle. Thus, the articles prepared by using the concrete composition of the present disclosure are helpful in eliminating the time required for charging EV motors.
In an embodiment of the present disclosure, the article is characterized by having at least one of the following:
i) tensile strength in the range of 2.5 MPa to 5 MPa;
ii) compressive strength in the range of 28 MPa to 35 MPa;
iii) impact strength in the range of 4 j/cm2 to 5 j/cm2;
iv) electrical conductivity in the range of 1.2×10-12 Siemens per meter (S/m) to 1.2×10-8 Siemens per meter (S/m); and
v) magnetic flux density in the range of 2.3 µT to 2.4 µT .
In an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure, article is characterized by having at least one of the following:
i) tensile strength of 2.6 MPa;
ii) compressive strength of 28 MPa;
iii) impact strength of 4 j/cm2;
iv) electrical conductivity of 1×10-8 Siemens per meter (S/m) and
v) magnetic flux density of 2.3 µT.
Wireless power transfer (WPT) systems, particularly those employing magnetic resonance, have become a cornerstone in the development of efficient, non-contact energy transmission. In these systems, power is transmitted from a transmitting pad to a receiving pad through magnetic flux density. The process begins with an alternating current (AC) supplied to a coil in the transmitting pad, generating a time-varying magnetic field. This magnetic field induces a corresponding magnetic flux density, which propagates through the air or another medium to the receiving pad. The receiving pad, equipped with a coil tuned to resonate at the same frequency as the transmitting pad, captures the magnetic flux density. Due to the principle of magnetic resonance, the energy transfer is highly efficient even over moderate distances. The induced magnetic flux density in the receiver coil generates an AC current through electromagnetic induction. This current is then converted into direct current (DC) using rectifiers, providing usable power to the connected load. The efficiency of this power transfer depends on several factors, including the alignment of the coils, the distance between the pads, and the frequency of operation. Advances in materials and coil design continue to enhance the performance and applicability of WPT systems, making them suitable for a wide range of applications, from consumer electronics to electric vehicle charging.
The overall conductivity improvement of the concrete composition depends on several factors such as distribution and connectivity of the iron oxide particles within the concrete composition, type and amount of iron oxide used, and overall mix design of the concrete composition. Even with increased conductivity, concrete is not designed to be a primary conductor of electricity.
The foregoing description of the embodiments has been provided for purposes of illustration and not intended to limit the scope of the present disclosure. Individual components of a particular embodiment are generally not limited to that particular embodiment but are interchangeable. Such variations are not to be regarded as a departure from the present disclosure, and all such modifications are considered to be within the scope of the present disclosure.
The present disclosure is further described in light of the following experiments which are set forth for illustration purpose only and not to be construed for limiting the scope of the disclosure. The following experiments can be scaled up to industrial/commercial scale and the results obtained can be extrapolated to industrial scale.
EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS
Experiment 1:
(a) Preparation of concrete composition in accordance with the present disclosure.
700 g of cement, 1.17 kg of sand, 300 g of iron component (295 g of iron oxide powder and 5 g of iron sulfide (iron pyrite)), and 5 g of copper powder were mixed at 30 °C for 5 min to obtain the concrete composition.
(b) Preparation of an article by using the concrete composition in accordance with the present disclosure.
250 ml of water was added in 1 kg of concrete composition obtained in experiment no 1 (a) at 30 °C for 5 min to obtain a mixture. The mixture was poured in a rubber mould followed by curing and drying to obtain the tile (article).
Figure 1 illustrates the flow chart for preparation of an article prepared by using the concrete composition in accordance with the present disclosure. Figure 2 illustrates the mould used to prepare the article (tile) in accordance with the present disclosure. Figure 3 illustrates the articles prepared in accordance with the present disclosure. Figure 4 illustrates the square-shaped wire winding projections embedded in the concrete tiles, designed to optimize electromagnetic performance in accordance with the present disclosure. Figure 4 (B) illustrate the ferrite core in accordance with the present disclosure
(c) Mechanism of wireless power transmission by using the article prepared in accordance with the present disclosure.
The tiles prepared in experiment 1(b) were used for wireless power transmission.
Square shaped litz coils and ferrite core were placed in the tiles prepared in experiment 1(b) (by using fastener/glue) to obtain a tile comprising the litz coil and ferrite core. The tile comprising the litz coil and ferrite core was placed on the surface of the road to obtain a tiled surface (Refer figure 5 and figure 6). The litz coil (transmission coil) present in the tiled surface was connected to an alternating current (power supply).
The receiver coils were integrated in electric vehicles. As the electric vehicles navigate across a tiled surface, the receiver coil moves, tilts, and adapts to changes in position. A signal is sent from the transmitter coil from the tiled surface, when the signal detected the presence of the navigating receiver coil, electromagnetic induction began (Refer figure 7 and figure 8 (A and B)).
Experiment 2: Preparation of concrete composition (without iron oxide and copper component) (Comparative experiment)
The concrete composition was prepared in the similar manner as experiment 1 (a) except iron oxide powder, copper powder and iron sulfide were not used.
The composition of the article prepared in accordance with the present disclosure and in comparative experiment is tabulated in Table 1.
Table 1: Composition of the article prepared in accordance with the present disclosure and in comparative experiment.
Ingredients
Experiment 1
(In accordance with the present disclosure)
(kg) Experiment 2
(comparative experiment)
(kg)
Cement 0.7 1.3
Sand 1.17 1.17
Iron oxide powder 0.295 ---
Iron sulfide 0.005 ---
Copper powder 0.005 ---
• Characterization of the article prepared in accordance with the present disclosure.
 Mechanical and Electrical properties
The tiles prepared in accordance with the present disclosure were subjected for the evaluation of the mechanical properties such as tensile strength, compression strength, and impact strength; and electrical properties such as magnetic flux density, and electrical conductivity. The results are tabulated in Table 2.
Table 2: Mechanical and electrical properties of the article prepared by using the concrete composition of the present disclosure.
Mechanical Properties Electrical Properties Efficiency of power transmission
(%)
Tensile strength
(MPa)
(ASTM C496) Compressive strength
(MPa)
(ASTM C39) Impact strength
(joule)
(ASTM D7136) Magnetic flux density
(µT)
Electrical conductivity (S/m)

Experiment 1
(In accordance with the present disclosure) 2.6 28 4 2.3 1×10-8 93.45
Experiment 2
(comparative experiment) 2.4 24 3 2.2 1.2×10-12 92.15
From Table 2 it is observed that the mechanical properties of the tile prepared by using the concrete composition of the present disclosure (experiment 1) have comparable mechanical properties and enhanced electrical properties when compared with the properties of the comparative tile (experiment 2).
Figure 9 (a) illustrates the waveforms of the transmitter pad voltage (V) and current (A) are depicted. The voltage waveform typically shows a sinusoidal pattern corresponding to the alternating current (AC) supply, generating a time-varying magnetic field. The current waveform, also sinusoidal, may exhibit a phase difference relative to the voltage waveform due to the inductive nature of the transmitter coil. This phase difference is crucial for optimizing the power transfer efficiency and ensuring the system operates at its resonant frequency.
Figure 9 (b) illustrates the waveforms of the receiver pad voltage (V) and current (A). As the magnetic flux density from the transmitter pad induces a voltage in the receiver coil, the voltage waveform in the receiver pad mirrors the sinusoidal nature of the transmitter voltage but may show slight attenuation and phase shifts depending on the efficiency of the magnetic coupling. The current waveform in the receiver pad, driven by the induced voltage, also follows a sinusoidal pattern, reflecting the AC nature of the induced power. The quality and efficiency of the power transfer can be inferred from these waveforms, with closer alignment and minimal phase difference indicating optimal resonance and minimal power loss. This detailed analysis of voltage and current waveforms provides insight into the dynamic performance of the WPT system, facilitating fine-tuning and optimization for various applications.
TECHNICAL ADVANCEMENTS
The present disclosure described hereinabove has several technical advantages including, but not limited to, the realization of;
 a concrete composition that:
o enables wireless charging for dynamic electric devices;
o enhances the conductivity of the roadways for charging of the electric devices;
o enhances the higher efficiency of power transmission to the dynamic electric devices;
o minimize the time required for charging the battery.
 a process for the preparation of a concrete composition that:
o is simple;
o environment friendly; and
o economic.
 an article prepared by using the concrete composition of the present disclosure that:
o increases the efficiency of the power transmission to the electric devices;
o minimizes the power the loss;
o enhance the charging capability of the roadways; and
o has enhanced conductivity of the roadways for charging of the electric devices.
 a process for the preparation of an article, that:
o is simple;
o environment friendly; and
o economic.
Throughout this specification the word "comprise", or variations such as "comprises" or "comprising, will be understood to imply the inclusion of a stated element, integer or step," or group of elements, integers or steps, but not the exclusion of any other element, integer or step, or group of elements, integers or steps.
The use of the expression "at least" or "at least one" suggests the use of one or more elements or ingredients or quantities, as the use may be in the embodiment of the invention to achieve one or more of the desired objects or results. While certain embodiments of the inventions have been described, these embodiments have been presented by way of example only, and are not intended to limit the scope of the inventions. Variations or modifications to the formulation of this invention, within the scope of the invention, may occur to those skilled in the art upon reviewing the disclosure herein. Such variations or modifications are well within the spirit of this invention.
The numerical values given for various physical parameters, dimensions and quantities are only approximate values and it is envisaged that the values higher than the numerical value assigned to the physical parameters, dimensions and quantities fall within the scope of the invention unless there is a statement in the specification to the contrary.
While considerable emphasis has been placed herein on the specific features of the preferred embodiment, it will be appreciated that many additional features can be added and that many changes can be made in the preferred embodiment without departing from the principles of the disclosure. These and other changes in the preferred embodiment of the disclosure will be apparent to those skilled in the art from the disclosure herein, whereby it is to be distinctly understood that the foregoing descriptive matter is to be interpreted merely as illustrative of the disclosure and not as a limitation.
, Claims:WE CLAIM:
1. A concrete composition comprising:
i) cement in an amount in the range of 20 mass% to 40 mass%;
ii) sand in an amount in the range of 45 mass% to 60 mass%;
iii) at least one iron component in an amount in the range of 10 mass% to 20 mass%; and
iv) at least one copper component in an amount in the range of 0.1 mass% to 0.5 mass%;
wherein said mass% of each ingredient is with respect to the total mass of said concrete composition.
2. The composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein
(a) said cement is at least one selected from the group consisting of portland Pozzolana Cement (PPC), Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC), Portland Slag Cement (PSC), low heat cement, hydrophobic portland cement, rapid hardening cement, extra rapid hardening cement, sulphate resisting cement, quick-setting cement, blast furnace slag cement, high alumina cement, and white cement;
(b) said sand is at least one selected from the group consisting of crush
sand, plaster sand, manufactured sand (m-sand), and slag sand;
(c) said iron component is at least one selected from the group consisting of iron oxide powder (Fe3O4), iron sulfide and iron oxide aggregates;
(d) said copper component is selected from the group consisting of copper powder and copper sulfide.
3. The composition as claimed in claim 2, wherein said iron oxide powder comprises:
i) Fe3O4 in an amount in the range of 99 mass% to 99.5 mass%; and
ii) silicon dioxide in an amount in the range of 0.5 mass% to 1 mass%, wherein the mass% of each ingredient is with respect to the total mass of the iron oxide powder.
4. The composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein
i) a mass ratio of said cement to said sand is in the range of 0.5:1 to 0.8:1;
ii) a mass ratio of said cement to said iron component is in the range of 2:1 to 3:1; and
iii) a mass ratio of said cement to said copper component is in the range of 60:1 to 200:1.
5. The composition as claimed in claim 2, wherein
i) a particle size of said sand is in the range of 0.07 mm to 5 mm;
ii) a particle size of said copper component is in the range of 100 microns to 200 microns;
iii) a particle size of iron sulfide is in the range of 50 microns to 150 microns;
iv) a particle size of said iron oxide powder is in the range of 50 microns to 150 microns; and
v) a particle size of said iron oxide aggregate is in the range of 6 mm to 15 mm.
6. A process for preparing a concrete composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein said process comprises mixing predetermined amounts of cement, sand, at least one iron component and at least one copper component at a temperature in the range of 25 °C to 40 °C for a time period in the range of 24 hours to 48 hours to obtain said concrete composition.
7. A process for the preparation of an article, wherein said process comprising the following steps:
i) mixing a predetermined amount of water with a predetermined amount of a concrete composition as claimed in claim 1 at a temperature in the range of 25 °C to 40 °C for a time period in the range of 1 minute to 10 minutes to obtain a mixture; and
ii) pouring said mixture into a mould followed by curing and drying to obtain said article.
8. The process as claimed in claim 7, wherein said article is selected from the group consisting of tiles, precast panels, slabs, and countertops.
9. The process as claimed in claim 7, wherein said article is characterized by having at least one of the following:
i) tensile strength in the range of 2.5 Mpa to 5 Mpa;
ii) compressive strength in the range of 28 Mpa to 35 Mpa;
iii) impact strength in the range of 4 j/cm2 to 5 j/cm2;
iv) electrical conductivity in the range of 1.2×10-12 S/m to 1.2×10-8 S/m; and
v) magnetic flux density in the range of 2.3 µT to 2.4 µT.

Dated this 11th Day of November, 2024

_______________________________
MOHAN RAJKUMAR DEWAN, IN/PA - 25
of R.K. DEWAN & CO.
Authorized Agent of Applicant

TO,
THE CONTROLLER OF PATENTS
THE PATENT OFFICE, AT CHENNAI

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